本文選題：“基督教-日耳曼社會(huì)” + 歐洲文明��； 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：早在18世紀(jì),孟德斯鳩就發(fā)現(xiàn),僅僅依據(jù)政治現(xiàn)時(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)推導(dǎo)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是很不可靠的。因?yàn)?當(dāng)代社會(huì)的重大政治過(guò)程是無(wú)法在當(dāng)代政治本身找到答案的,也不可能通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單地回顧歷史得到解決。事實(shí)上,它們涉及到與文明和秩序有關(guān)的一系列根本問(wèn)題。此后,黑格爾、馬克思、恩格斯、布洛赫、斯賓格勒、湯因比、布羅代爾等也都相信,必須把研究歷史基因作為研究現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)和出發(fā)點(diǎn)。其中,斯賓格勒把這一觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)得最清楚。他說(shuō)：“我不得不相信：為了有效地了解時(shí)代,作為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)劃的范圍就必須大加擴(kuò)充；想我所做的這種研究,如果要使結(jié)果基本上成為有結(jié)論性的和必要的,把自己限制在某一個(gè)時(shí)代及其政治現(xiàn)實(shí),或把自己限制在實(shí)用主義的框子中,或竟不去利用純粹形而上學(xué)的和高度先驗(yàn)的研究方法,是不可能的。事情很顯然,一個(gè)政治問(wèn)題是不能單從政治本身去得到理解的,并且在事物深處起作用的重要因素往往只能從它的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)去領(lǐng)會(huì),甚至只能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地用科學(xué)的或純哲學(xué)的觀念的形式去張望�！� 社會(huì)是一個(gè)有機(jī)生命體。其文明在幼稚期和青春期形成的習(xí)慣、打下的思想烙印將左右該文明與社會(huì)的發(fā)展始終。正是在這個(gè)意義上,布羅代爾指出,“事實(shí)上,現(xiàn)在在不同程度上是其他更為古老的經(jīng)歷的產(chǎn)物。它是以往數(shù)百年的結(jié)晶,甚至是‘人類(lèi)迄今為止整個(gè)歷史演繹的結(jié)晶’�！�2文明是人類(lèi)社會(huì)的靈魂,同樣具有生物特性,其發(fā)展和演繹遵循的也是生、老、病、死的生命節(jié)律。沒(méi)有直線發(fā)展的永不衰竭的文明。文明是由族群社會(huì)及其文化與某種意識(shí)形態(tài)和自然地理風(fēng)貌結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。歐洲文明的形成是口耳曼社群及其文化與基督教和歐洲的自然地理風(fēng)貌結(jié)合的結(jié)果。這三大要素是歐洲文明的基因,共同構(gòu)成了歐洲文明的種子,確定了歐洲文明的宿命。每個(gè)文明的構(gòu)成是不同的,它們的宿命也是不同的,發(fā)展道路也不可能相同。文明的以上特性決定了,人類(lèi)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步不是單一文明持續(xù)發(fā)展的結(jié)果,而是不同文明之間不斷地交替超越的結(jié)果。 “基督教——口耳曼世界”的形成是歐洲歷史發(fā)展中最有決定性意義的過(guò)程。因?yàn)?它既孕育了歐洲文明,也孕育了歐洲秩序體系,并且包含著決定歐洲個(gè)性的基因,因而是歐洲文明的種子,隱藏著所有與現(xiàn)代歐洲相關(guān)的歷史邏輯與發(fā)展密碼。 在“基督教——口耳曼世界”形成的歷史過(guò)程中,法蘭克人的崛起是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵。在克洛維的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,法蘭克人發(fā)揮了歷史性的作用：第一,他們締造了法蘭克王國(guó)；第二,他們利用有利的時(shí)間、空間和形勢(shì),積極向周邊地區(qū)擴(kuò)張,征服了高盧,奠定了法蘭克王國(guó)基礎(chǔ)和法蘭克人統(tǒng)治歐洲的基礎(chǔ),從而為歐洲的蠻族化創(chuàng)造了歷史前提；第三,在五世紀(jì)末的某一年,他們皈依了正統(tǒng)的羅馬基督教,使法蘭克人由此融入了當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)潮流,奠定了法蘭克人統(tǒng)治歐洲的社會(huì)、文化基礎(chǔ),并為歐洲的宗教化進(jìn)程開(kāi)辟了道路。 歐洲秩序體系存在的主要依據(jù),是“基督教——日耳曼世界”的誕生與存在。秩序是文明發(fā)展不同階段的組織形式。因此,它的演繹邏輯和階段特性是由文明的宿命決定的,與文明的演繹節(jié)奏相配合的。歐洲秩序體系演繹的基本框架,是整體性與多樣性并存；其基本邏輯,是在秩序的整體性中展現(xiàn)個(gè)性；而秩序形式變換的本質(zhì),則是一個(gè)秩序體系依據(jù)文明發(fā)展階段在內(nèi)部展開(kāi)的矛盾斗爭(zhēng)與分分合合。 中世紀(jì)以來(lái)的歐洲歷史發(fā)展表明,歐洲秩序體系一經(jīng)形成,便成為歐洲社會(huì)的基本規(guī)范和政治演繹的基本框架,既體現(xiàn)著歐洲社會(huì)與歐洲文明整體性與多樣性并存的基本特征,也對(duì)體系中各社群乃至各國(guó)形成明確而有力的規(guī)約作用。今天的歐洲聯(lián)盟(或歐洲共同體)是一種與均勢(shì)格局完全不同的秩序體系,其本質(zhì)差別就在于它是歐洲國(guó)家的利益共同體。然而,它之所以能在戰(zhàn)后的短時(shí)間里成為西歐國(guó)家秩序的基本框架,并在此后覆蓋全歐洲,卻不是歐洲人再次展現(xiàn)制度創(chuàng)造力的結(jié)果,而是歐洲人的政治回歸和對(duì)傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)與傳統(tǒng)體制的再利用。這在本質(zhì)上是在開(kāi)發(fā)歐洲秩序體系發(fā)展邏輯的力量,而共同體秩序就是歐洲秩序體系的延續(xù)與發(fā)展。否則,這樣大規(guī)模的秩序框架是不可能在短幾年中就培育形成的。 歐洲的政治生態(tài)和秩序形態(tài)是與歐洲文明與社會(huì)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程緊密相關(guān)的。今天,我們可以把戰(zhàn)前歐洲文明與社會(huì)的發(fā)展概略地歸結(jié)為兩大歷史進(jìn)程,即宗教化的歷史進(jìn)程與世俗化的歷史進(jìn)程。公元6-13世紀(jì)是歐洲普遍宗教化的歷史時(shí)期,14-20世紀(jì)中期是歐洲完成世俗化的歷史時(shí)期。 普遍的基督教化教化了歐洲蠻族社會(huì),提高了他們的文化水平,使他們幼稚的心靈成熟起來(lái),但也限制了世俗社會(huì)及其關(guān)系體系的發(fā)展。同時(shí),在生產(chǎn)力水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活極其落后的背景下,社會(huì)也沒(méi)有形成廣泛聯(lián)系的基礎(chǔ)。人們以很小的群體形式生存著,不需要,也無(wú)力供養(yǎng)中央權(quán)力。與此同時(shí),世俗的政治思想和政治理論也因宗教意識(shí)形態(tài)的制約和缺乏社會(huì)需求而難以形成。宗教意識(shí)形態(tài)控制著整個(gè)社會(huì)和人們的心靈。人們的欲望、野心與活動(dòng)能力都受到了極大的限制。政治與斗爭(zhēng)只是在極低的水平線上進(jìn)行著,歐洲秩序以缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的基督教共和社會(huì)為特點(diǎn)。 經(jīng)過(guò)10世紀(jì)以后兩百年的恢復(fù),歐洲的世俗經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)關(guān)系積聚了充分的能量,并在13世紀(jì)以后開(kāi)始了加速發(fā)展的歷史進(jìn)程,并對(duì)舊的封建政治和基督教秩序提出了挑戰(zhàn)。在形勢(shì)適合的地區(qū),世俗王開(kāi)始形成,與之相適應(yīng)的政治生態(tài)也漸漸發(fā)展起來(lái)并且日益復(fù)雜化了。王政統(tǒng)治與封建領(lǐng)主和羅馬教廷的斗爭(zhēng)日趨激烈,王朝間的領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)奪也愈演愈烈。1337年,大規(guī)模的王朝戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于在英法之間爆發(fā)。它預(yù)示著基督教共和時(shí)代的終結(jié)和戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代的到來(lái)。 黑死病的爆發(fā)是壓垮舊秩序的最后一根稻草。歐洲社會(huì)在戰(zhàn)亂、疾病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的不斷沖擊下陷入了空前的混亂。封建貴族和基督教教會(huì)都無(wú)力應(yīng)對(duì)這樣復(fù)雜和全方位的社會(huì)危機(jī)。它崩潰了。迅猛發(fā)展起來(lái)的世俗社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系既淹沒(méi)了以土地為核心的封建制度,也強(qiáng)烈地沖擊了歐洲的宗教世界及其意識(shí)形態(tài)。歐洲從此走上了世俗化的發(fā)展歷程。 歐洲的世俗化過(guò)程由三個(gè)緊密聯(lián)系在一起的基本內(nèi)容組成：形成商業(yè)社會(huì)、解放思想和建立民族國(guó)家。這其實(shí)是一個(gè)由經(jīng)濟(jì)而思想,最終歸結(jié)為政治上層建筑的社會(huì)發(fā)展過(guò)程。但在歐洲,這同時(shí)也是一個(gè)世俗化的過(guò)程。社會(huì)發(fā)展與變化的速度加快,是一個(gè)催人奮進(jìn),并引發(fā)激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的時(shí)代。在政治領(lǐng)域中,王朝政治逐步向國(guó)家政治過(guò)渡,與之相適應(yīng)的思想、理論、哲學(xué)層出不窮,統(tǒng)治關(guān)念、權(quán)力觀念、主權(quán)觀念和利益原則、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)原則等成為新社會(huì)秩序的主體思想。歐洲的共和秩序體系也隨之被充滿了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的爭(zhēng)霸秩序體系所取代。 法蘭西與德意志是易北河以西歐洲社會(huì)的最大族群,自法蘭克王國(guó)以來(lái),其地緣政治輻射力與文化輻射力就在西歐大陸上居于無(wú)可匹敵的地位。歐洲國(guó)家體系和國(guó)際政治格局形成以后,法蘭西與德意志在歐洲政治中所起的作用突出出來(lái),無(wú)論他們處于何種興衰境況都未曾改變。法德兩大族群的政治作用是與歐洲的秩序體系緊密相關(guān)的。在基督教共和時(shí)期,它們兩者是以兄弟身份存在于歐洲秩序體系中的,當(dāng)歐洲秩序體系轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闋?zhēng)霸秩序,這兩者就以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的身份活躍在歐洲政治生活里。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后,一體化和建立共同體成為歐洲秩序建設(shè)的主流,法德兩國(guó)關(guān)系也隨之由宿敵便成為合作者于盟友。
[Abstract]:In early eighteenth Century, Montesquieu found that only on the basis of political experience to the derivation of the trends are not reliable. Because the major political process in contemporary society is unable to find the answer in the contemporary politics itself, can not be solved by simply reviewing the history. In fact, they involve a series of fundamental problems related to civilization and order. Since then, Hagel, Marx, Engels, Bloch, Spengler, Toynbee, Braudel also believed that, must take the research history as the research basis and starting point of social reality. Among them, Spengler took the view that most clearly. He said: "I have to believe that in order to effectively understand the era, as the range based planning must be expanded; the research to what I do, if you want to make the results basically become a conclusive and necessary, since Has been restricted to a certain age and political reality, or limit yourself to the pragmatic frame, research methods or even not to use pure and highly transcendental metaphysics, is not possible. It is obviously a political problem is not only from politics itself go to understanding, and in things the deep work of the important factors is often only from the artistic expression of it to understand, even can only use scientific or pure philosophy form to look around "
The society is an organic life. The formation of civilization in childhood and adolescence habits, development and lay ideological brand will about the civilization and social life. It is in this sense, Braudel pointed out, "in fact, now in different degree is more ancient experience it products. Is the crystallization of the past several hundred years, and even" so far the entire history of interpretation of the crystallization "." 2 civilization is the soul of human society, also has the biological characteristics, its development and interpretation also followed the birth, old, disease, death of life rhythm. No linear development inexhaustible civilization is a product of civilization. By the combination of ethnic society and its culture and ideology and natural geographical features. The formation of European civilization is in the natural geographical features, and community culture and Christianity in Europe and the result of a combination of these three elements is Europe. Zhou civilization gene, constitute the seed of European civilization, determined the fate of European civilization. Each civilization is different, their fate is different, the development of the road can not be the same. The above characteristics determine the civilization and progress of human society is not a single civilization sustainable development results, but different civilizations constantly turn beyond the results.
"The Christian form of the Germanic world" is the most crucial process in the development of European history. Because it not only gives birth to the European civilization, also gave birth to the European order system, and contains the decision of the European identity genes, thus is the seed of European civilization, hide all associated with a history of modern Europe the development of logic and the password.
In the process of history "Christian Germanic world" formed in the rise of the Franks is a key. Clovis under the leadership of the Franks played a historical role: first, they created the Frankish kingdom; second, they took advantage of the time, space and situation, actively to the surrounding area expansion the conquest of Gaul, and laid the foundation of the Frankish Kingdom foundation and the Franks in Europe, thus creating the historical premise for the European barbarians; third, at the end of fifth Century a year, they converted to orthodox Christianity in Rome, the Franks which evolved into the social trend, laid the Franks in Europe the social and cultural foundation, opened the way and process of religion in Europe.
Mainly on the basis of the existing European order system, "the birth of Christianity: the Germanic world" and there are different stages of order. The organizational form of the development of civilization. Therefore, its deductive logic and stage properties are determined by the fate of civilization, civilization and the interpretation of rhythm matched. The basic framework of interpretation of European order system. Is the integrity and diversity coexist; the basic logic is individuality in the overall order; and the order form transform nature, is the contradiction between an order system based on civilization development stage in internal expansion and skelter.
Since the medieval European history shows that the European order system formed, has become the basic norms of the European social and political interpretation of the basic framework, which embodies the basic characteristics of the European Community and the European civilization integrity and diversity, but also the formation of clear and powerful restriction on the system in communities and nations today. The European Union (European Community) is a kind of structure completely different order system, the essential difference is that it is the interests of the community of European countries. However, it has become a basic framework of Western European countries in the short time in order, and then covering the whole of Europe, but not the Europeans show again the system of creative results, but the European political regression and the traditional experience and traditional system reuse. This is in essence in the development of the European order system development. The order of the community is the continuity and development of the European order system. Otherwise, such a large-scale order framework can not be cultivated in a short span of a few years.
Europe's political ecology and order form is associated with European civilization and social development are closely related. Today, we can put to the general development of the pre War European civilization and social history can be divided into two processes, namely the religious history and secular history. In the 6-13 century is the common European religious history in the middle of the 14-20 century European Complete Secular historical period.
Universal Christian civilized Europe barbarian society to improve their cultural level, make their childish minds mature, but also limits the development of secular society and its system. At the same time, the level of productivity and economic life is extremely backward under the background of society has not formed the basis of extensive contacts with people with very small. The group forms exist, do not need, is unable to support the central power. At the same time, political thought and theory of secular because of religious ideology of constraints and lack of social demand and difficult to form. The religious ideology control of the whole society and people's hearts. People's desire, ambition and ability have been greatly the political struggle and restriction. Only at a very low level of a European order by a lack of competition in the society of Christian Republic.
After the tenth Century after two hundred years of recovery, the European secular relations between economy and society have accumulated sufficient energy, the historical process and in thirteenth Century began to accelerate the development, and put forward a challenge to the old feudal politics and Christianity. In order for the situation, the secular King began to form, and adapt to the political ecology has gradually developed and become more and more complicated. The monarchy and the feudal lords and the Church of Rome fierce struggle, Dynasty territory has intensified for.1337 years, a massive empire war finally broke out between Britain and France. It indicates the end of the Christian Republic era and the Warring States era.
The outbreak was the last straw that breaks the old order. The European Society in the war, disease and continue to impact the crisis into unprecedented chaos. The feudal aristocracy and the Christian Church were unable to cope with such a complex and comprehensive social crisis. It collapsed. Rapid development of secular society and economic relations not only show up overwhelmed the feudal system of land as the core, has a strong impact on the European religions of the world and its ideology. Europe has embarked on the development process of secularization.
The secularization process consists of three closely related components in the basic content: the formation of commercial society, emancipating the mind and the establishment of the nation. This is in fact a by economy thought, it boils down to the political superstructure and social development. But in Europe, it is also a process of secularization. The speed of social change and development speed, is an inspiring, and sparked a fierce competition era. In the field of politics, political dynasties gradually to the national political transition, and adapt to the idea, theory, philosophy ruling concept, the concept of power emerge in an endless stream, and the principle of sovereignty and interests, the principle of competition become the subject the new social order thought. The European Republican order system also will be full of competitive system of hegemony order replaced.
France and Germany are the largest ethnic group in Europe west of the Elbe River society, from the Frankish Kingdom, the geopolitical and cultural radiation radiation force in Western Europe in unbeatable position. After the formation of the European state system and the international political pattern, France and Germany in the European political role in whether they developed. What is the rise and fall of circumstances have not changed. The political role of France and Germany in two ethnic groups are closely related to the European order system. In the Christian Republic, both of them as brothers and identity in the European order system, when the European order system into hegemony order, both with the identity of the competitor in the active the European political life. After the Second World War, become the mainstream of European integration and build community order construction, the Franco German relation with the The old enemy becomes a partner in an ally.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D75

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 和春紅;法德和解與歐洲一體化[D];山東大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 黃宇;論歐洲秩序體系的形成（476-1250）[D];吉林大學(xué);2013年

2 馬琳;歐洲王權(quán)國(guó)家的形成路徑探究[D];吉林大學(xué);2014年

3 王宇翔;論克呂尼運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)中世紀(jì)西歐秩序的塑造[D];吉林大學(xué);2014年

，

本文編號(hào)：1772691