本文關(guān)鍵詞： 蘇聯(lián) 民族政策 民族矛盾 教訓(xùn)啟示　出處：《南京師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：1991年下半年,世界社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)遭受嚴(yán)重挫折,世界上第一個(gè)社會(huì)主義國(guó)家——蘇聯(lián)不復(fù)存在。這場(chǎng)劇變,使得一個(gè)擁有1900多萬(wàn)黨員的蘇共喪失了執(zhí)政地位:一個(gè)擁有2. 8億人口的蘇維埃社會(huì)主義聯(lián)盟,分裂成為15個(gè)獨(dú)立國(guó)家。蘇聯(lián)解體是蘇聯(lián)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)各種社會(huì)矛盾積聚后爆發(fā)的結(jié)果,這其中民族矛盾的積聚和爆發(fā)是一個(gè)重要方面。作為一個(gè)有著一百多個(gè)民族的大國(guó),蘇聯(lián)的民族問(wèn)題由來(lái)已久。與美國(guó)等國(guó)家不同的是,蘇聯(lián)是根據(jù)主體民族劃分行政區(qū)域。蘇聯(lián)這種復(fù)雜的民族構(gòu)成以及特殊的國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu)形式,為其民族國(guó)家建設(shè)帶來(lái)很大的難題。面對(duì)復(fù)雜的民族問(wèn)題,蘇聯(lián)各屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人積極探索適合本國(guó)國(guó)情的發(fā)展道路。列寧提出的民族自決權(quán)是無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)各族人民完成民主革命和社會(huì)主義革命的一項(xiàng)重要原則。列寧還提出不僅要保證各民族在法律上享受平等,在事實(shí)上也要保證平等。在列寧之后的蘇聯(lián)歷屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,從斯大林到勃列日涅夫在處理民族問(wèn)題上都是有一定成就的。他們注意提高少數(shù)民族的地位,也十分重視在法律上保障各少數(shù)民族的權(quán)利。為了消除少數(shù)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化落后的狀態(tài),實(shí)現(xiàn)各民族真正的平等,蘇聯(lián)政府對(duì)少數(shù)民族地區(qū)實(shí)行政策傾斜,使得少數(shù)民族地區(qū)在經(jīng)濟(jì)文化方面有了顯著的發(fā)展。但是,這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在對(duì)待少數(shù)民族政策上的理論和實(shí)踐方面的失誤也是十分嚴(yán)重的,所以蘇聯(lián)民族問(wèn)題在歷屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人某些程度上的忽視之下,逐漸積累下來(lái)。最終,在國(guó)內(nèi)民族運(yùn)動(dòng)和國(guó)外分裂勢(shì)力的雙重影響下,聯(lián)盟國(guó)家解體。研究蘇聯(lián)民族問(wèn)題對(duì)蘇聯(lián)解體的影響,不僅能夠總結(jié)蘇聯(lián)民族政策方面的得失成敗,對(duì)于我國(guó)的多民族國(guó)家建設(shè)也有十分重要的意義。本文圍繞著蘇聯(lián)各個(gè)時(shí)期的民族政策以及由此導(dǎo)致的民族主義問(wèn)題,到最后民族問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致蘇聯(lián)解體這條主線展開。第一章主要介紹蘇聯(lián)時(shí)期的民族概況,指明蘇聯(lián)民族的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)。第二章主要介紹蘇聯(lián)歷史上民族政策的演變,以及各個(gè)時(shí)期的民族政策導(dǎo)致的一系列民族問(wèn)題。第三章介紹了由于民族問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的民族分裂浪潮。第四章主要介紹了蘇聯(lián)民族問(wèn)題的教訓(xùn)與啟示。
[Abstract]:In the second half of 1991, the world socialist movement suffered a serious setback, and the world's first socialist country, the Soviet Union, ceased to exist. The Soviet Communist Party, which has more than 19 million members, has lost its power: a Soviet Socialist Union of 280 million. The disintegration of the Soviet Union was the result of the eruption of various social contradictions in the Soviet Union for a long time, in which the accumulation and outbreak of ethnic contradictions was an important aspect. As a large country with more than 100 nationalities, The Soviet Union has a long history of ethnic problems. Unlike the United States and other countries, the Soviet Union is divided into administrative areas according to the main ethnic groups. The construction of its nation-state has brought great difficulties. Faced with complex national problems, The leaders of the Soviet Union actively explored the road of development suited to their own national conditions. Lenin put forward the right to national self-determination as an important principle for the proletariat to lead the people of all ethnic groups to complete the democratic revolution and the socialist revolution. Not only to ensure that all ethnic groups enjoy equality in the law, In fact, equality should also be guaranteed. Successive Soviet leaders after Lenin, from Stalin to Brezhnev, have made certain achievements in dealing with ethnic issues. They have paid attention to raising the status of the ethnic minorities. In order to eliminate the economic and cultural backwardness in minority areas and realize the true equality of all ethnic groups, the Soviet government has adopted a policy bias towards minority areas. This has led to remarkable economic and cultural developments in minority areas. However, these leaders' mistakes in theory and practice in dealing with ethnic minority policies are also very serious. As a result, the national problems of the Soviet Union gradually accumulated under the neglect of successive leaders. Finally, under the dual influence of domestic national movements and foreign separatist forces, The study of the influence of the Soviet Union's national problems on the disintegration of the Soviet Union can not only sum up the success or failure of the Soviet Union's national policy, It is also of great significance to the construction of a multi-ethnic state in our country. This paper revolves around the national policies of the Soviet Union in various periods and the nationalistic problems resulting therefrom. In the end, the main line of ethnic problems leading to the disintegration of the Soviet Union is unfolded. The first chapter mainly introduces the general situation of the nationalities in the Soviet Union period, and points out the characteristics of the composition of the Soviet nationality. The second chapter mainly introduces the evolution of the national policy in the history of the Soviet Union. The third chapter introduces the wave of ethnic division caused by ethnic problems. Chapter 4th mainly introduces the lessons and enlightenment of the Soviet Union's ethnic problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D751.2

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