本文關(guān)鍵詞： 國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu) 聯(lián)邦制 民族分離主義 地方分立主義　出處：《河北師范大學(xué)》2002年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 中央與地方的關(guān)系是指一定國(guó)家政權(quán)組織形式下中央政府與地方政府之間的權(quán)力分配及統(tǒng)屬聯(lián)系。前蘇聯(lián)實(shí)行的是以民族為特征的聯(lián)邦制(雖然名不副實(shí))，在這種國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu)形式中，中央與地方的關(guān)系實(shí)際上就是聯(lián)盟與各民族的關(guān)系問(wèn)題。俄羅斯作為前蘇聯(lián)的唯一合法繼承者，也存在著聯(lián)邦分裂的危險(xiǎn)，面臨著維護(hù)聯(lián)邦統(tǒng)一的艱巨任務(wù)。如何處理中央與地方的關(guān)系問(wèn)題，是俄羅斯社會(huì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)軌過(guò)程中的一個(gè)根本性問(wèn)題之一，它與經(jīng)濟(jì)改革、政治權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)、外交努力共同構(gòu)成了俄羅斯國(guó)家和社會(huì)的四大主題。縱觀中央與地方關(guān)系迄今為止的嬗變過(guò)程，它主要分為兩個(gè)大的回合：從蘇聯(lián)解體前夕開(kāi)始到1996年為止，民族分離主義與地方分立主義同時(shí)出擊，俄聯(lián)邦出現(xiàn)了分裂的各種跡象，中央與地方的斗爭(zhēng)在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域全面展開(kāi)，中央勉強(qiáng)維護(hù)了國(guó)家統(tǒng)一，但沒(méi)有徹底解決根本問(wèn)題。1996年到1998年有兩年的相對(duì)平穩(wěn)期，分裂浪潮由明轉(zhuǎn)暗，由激進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)向溫和(車臣除外)。但是，1998年的金融危機(jī)使俄聯(lián)邦政府的許多承諾和保證化為泡影，中央政府陷入了自轉(zhuǎn)軌以來(lái)最為嚴(yán)重的分裂之中。葉利欽總統(tǒng)一時(shí)束手無(wú)策，從普里馬科夫任總理開(kāi)始，尤其是普京上臺(tái)后，面對(duì)嚴(yán)峻的局勢(shì)，聯(lián)邦政府從根本上改變了態(tài)度和策略，采取了極為強(qiáng)硬而有效的一系列措施，從根本上扭轉(zhuǎn)了聯(lián)邦中央的被動(dòng)局面，使任何一個(gè)聯(lián)邦主體的獨(dú)立圖謀都化為泡影。但要最終徹底解決中央與地方關(guān)系，必須找到符合俄國(guó)情的聯(lián)邦制形式。 論文從中央與民族分離主義和地方分立主義斗爭(zhēng)及其解決的角度分析了中央與地方的關(guān)系。本論文分五個(gè)部分： 第一部分主要分析俄羅斯中央與地方矛盾的歷史背景：在這部分中我分析了三個(gè)問(wèn)題：1、聯(lián)邦制與單一制的關(guān)系問(wèn)題。首先分析了蘇聯(lián)建立初期對(duì)聯(lián)邦制的扭曲；其次是聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu)形式(以民族為特征)與執(zhí)政黨的組織原則的矛盾、與中央高度集中統(tǒng)一的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的矛盾、與各加盟共和國(guó)民族主義崛起的矛盾。2、雙重主權(quán)問(wèn)題。俄羅斯出現(xiàn)的雙重主權(quán)主要表現(xiàn)為：中央與地方都有主權(quán)，這種構(gòu)想缺乏科學(xué)性，在理論與實(shí)踐上對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)軌中的俄聯(lián)邦產(chǎn)生了不良影響，對(duì)俄聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。3、俄羅斯民族主義與非俄羅斯民族主義的關(guān)系。民族主義的負(fù)面影響是導(dǎo)致國(guó)家分裂，俄羅斯民族是前蘇聯(lián)最大的民族，俄民族主義的崛起最終導(dǎo)致了蘇聯(lián)的 解體。 第二部分分析俄羅斯中央與地方的第一輪較量（1992年一 1996年）。蘇 聯(lián)解體后，非俄羅斯民族主義開(kāi)始泛濫，少數(shù)民族的民族分離主義崛起，弱 勢(shì)地區(qū)的地方分立主義也開(kāi)始興盛，中央與地方展開(kāi)第一輪較量，主要是對(duì) 車臣的第一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，但以失敗告終。中央為維護(hù)聯(lián)邦統(tǒng)一主要采取以下舉措： 法律保障、經(jīng)濟(jì)措施、政治措施、軍事手段等。 第三部分主要了分析中央與地方的第二輪較量（1998年一現(xiàn)在）。1996 一1998兩年間歇朗的潛在危險(xiǎn)。首先是地方分立主義勢(shì)力進(jìn)一步鞏固；其 次是民族分離主義勢(shì)力厲兵襪馬、伺機(jī)待發(fā)；再次分析地方政治勢(shì)力在俄政 壇上的崛起及對(duì)中央的威脅。金融危機(jī)后的俄羅斯面臨全面危機(jī)，車臣危機(jī) 又一次掀起獨(dú)立浪潮。普京任總理后，對(duì)車臣進(jìn)行了一次較為徹底的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)并 取得勝利，扭轉(zhuǎn)了聯(lián)邦政府在中央與地方關(guān)系方面的長(zhǎng)期被動(dòng)局面。 第四部分是普京加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)。普京任總統(tǒng)后，采取了一系列措施加強(qiáng) 中央的權(quán)力，維護(hù)俄聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一。普京加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)的主要措施：維護(hù)總統(tǒng) 共和制、控制杜馬、改組聯(lián)邦委員會(huì)、建立垂直的人事任命制度、維護(hù)聯(lián)邦 憲法和法律的權(quán)威、設(shè)立聯(lián)邦區(qū)、重用強(qiáng)力部門等。普京加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)過(guò)程 中多數(shù)目標(biāo)己達(dá)到，但他的做法顯然也有許多欠妥之處：首先是速度過(guò)快； 其次也有多處違反憲法，如設(shè)立聯(lián)邦區(qū)；再次是加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)的目標(biāo)并沒(méi)有 解決聯(lián)邦制的癥結(jié)，嚴(yán)重忽視了聯(lián)邦主體機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置與中央的重疊問(wèn)題，因?yàn)?這關(guān)系到聯(lián)邦制模式的選擇。 第五部分展望俄羅斯中央與地方關(guān)系的前景。目前，俄羅斯聯(lián)邦制并未 定型，，衡量聯(lián)邦統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要從以下方面看：第一，能否正確評(píng)價(jià)以往歷史 進(jìn)程中中央與地方、俄族與非俄族關(guān)系上一些錯(cuò)誤，并妥善處理歷史沉鳳 第二，能否找到符合俄國(guó)情的聯(lián)邦制模式；第三，能否盡快恢復(fù)和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)， 改善人民生活。 總之，改革中的俄羅斯仍有著俄聯(lián)邦統(tǒng)一的有利條件，如果能找到符合 俄國(guó)倩的聯(lián)邦制形式，處理好中央與地方的關(guān)系，一個(gè)統(tǒng)一強(qiáng)大的俄羅斯仍 將屹立在歐亞大陸上。
[Abstract]:The relationship between central and local governments is refers to between the central government and local government must state power organization form of the distribution of power and subordination relation. The former Soviet Union is the implementation of the national characteristics of the federal system (although in this form, more in name than in reality) in the state structure, relationship between central and local governments is actually the alliance with various nationalities Russia. As the only legitimate successor of former Soviet Union, there is also danger Union, faced with the daunting task of preserving the union. How to deal with the problem of the relationship between central and local governments, is Russia's social politics is a fundamental problem in the process of economic transition, and economic reform, political power struggle, diplomacy to constitute the four major themes of the society and the country. The relationship between the central and local governments throughout the process of evolution so far, it is mainly divided into two major: from the back The eve of the Soviet Union started until 1996, national separatism and local separatism out at the same time, the Russian Federation appeared signs of division of the central and local struggle in politics, economy, law and other fields in full swing, central to safeguarding national unity, but did not completely solve the fundamental problem of.1996 to a relatively stable period in 1998 two years, split by radical to moderate wave gone underground, (except Chechnya). However, the financial crisis in 1998 makes many promises the Russian federal government and ensure the central government into vanish like soap bubbles, since the transition of the most serious split. President Yeltsin was at a loss what to do, Prime Minister Primakov from the beginning, especially after Putin came to power in the face of the grim situation, the federal government changed the attitude and strategy fundamentally, has taken a series of measures is extremely tough and effective, from the root The federal government to reverse the passive situation, so that any one of the main independent federal scheme. But eventually vanish like soap bubbles completely solve the relationship between central and local governments must find the situation in line with Russian federalism.
This paper analyzes the relationship between the central and the local from the point of view of the struggle between the central and national separatism and local separatism and its solution. This thesis is divided into five parts:
The first part mainly analyzes the historical background of the Russian Central and local conflicts: in this part, I analyzed three problems: 1, relationship between federal system and unitary system. Firstly analyzes the early establishment of a federal system of the Soviet Union antithetical couplet distortion; second is the federal state structure (characterized by the national contradiction and the ruling party) the organizational principle of the conflict with the central highly centralized planned economy system, and the contradiction between.2 republics the rise of nationalism, dual sovereignty. The double sovereignty in Russia mainly as follows: the central and local governments have sovereignty, this idea is not scientific, in theory and practice have a bad influence on the transition of the Russian Federation, poses a serious threat to the unified.3 of the Russian Federation, the relationship between Russian nationalism and non Russian nationalism. The negative influence of nationalism is the cause of country The Russian nation is the largest nation in the former Soviet Union, and the rise of Russian nationalism eventually led to the Soviet Union.
Disintegrate.
The second part analyses the first round of the Russian Central and local competition (1996 1992).
After the disintegration, the non Russian nationalism began to overflow, and the ethnic separatism of the minority nationalities rose up and was weak.
The local separatism in the potential areas has also begun to flourish, and the first round of the competition between the central and the local is the main one.
The first war in Chechnya ended with failure. The central government took the following measures to maintain federal reunification.
Legal safeguards, economic measures, political measures, military means, etc.
The third part mainly analyzes the second round of the central and local competition (1998).1996
The potential danger of a 1998 - year intermission is the further consolidation of the local separatist forces;
Is the ethnic separatist libing preparation; Ma socks, re analysis of local political forces in the Russian government
The rise of the altar and the threat to the Central Committee. After the financial crisis, Russia faces a comprehensive crisis, the Chechnya crisis
Another wave of independence was set off. After Putin served as prime minister, he fought a more thorough war on Chechnya and
Victory has reversed the long-term passive situation of the federal government in relation to central and local relations.
The fourth part was Putin's strengthening of centralization. After Putin was president, a series of measures were taken to strengthen
The power of the central government and the unity of the Russian Federation. The main measures to strengthen the centralization of Putin's centralization: the maintenance of the president
Republics, control of Duma, reorganization of the federal committee, the establishment of a vertical personnel appointment system, and the maintenance of the Federation
The authority of the Constitution and the law, the establishment of the Federal District, the reuse of the powerful department, etc. Putin strengthened the centralization process
Most of the goals have been achieved, but there are clearly a lot of shortcomings in his practice: first, the speed is too fast;
Secondly, there are many violations of the constitution, such as the establishment of a federal district; again, the goal of strengthening centralization is not
To solve the crux of the federal system, it seriously ignores the overlapping of the federal agencies and the central authorities.
This is related to the choice of federalism.
The fifth part looks forward to the prospect of the relationship between the central and the local in Russia. At present, the Russian Federation system is not
The standard of determining the unity of the Federation should be judged from the following aspects: first, can we correctly evaluate the past history
The central and local governments in the process of the relationship between ethnic Russian and non ethnic Russian on some mistakes, and properly handle the history of Shen Feng
Second, can we find a federal system that meets the national conditions of Russia; and third, can we recover and develop the economy as soon as possible,
Improve the people's life.
In a word, the reform of Russia still has a favorable condition for the unification of the Russian Federation, if it can find it.
A Russian form of federalism that deals with the relationship between the central and the local, and a unified and powerful Russia remains.
It will stand on the Eurasian continent.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號(hào)】：D751.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 邱蓉;俄羅斯轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期利益集團(tuán)演化及其作用研究[D];遼寧大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 解國(guó);變遷中的俄羅斯聯(lián)邦制改革探析[D];山東大學(xué);2010年

本文編號(hào)：1473192