本文關(guān)鍵詞：美國基金會：歷史與作用，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

美國基金會：歷史與作用

美國基金會：歷史與作用

基金會產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初的美國。數(shù)量眾多、規(guī)模龐大、活動范圍十分廣泛的基金會在美國社會中起到了相當(dāng)大的作用，在世界上也產(chǎn)生了越來越重要的影響。我國學(xué)術(shù)界主要是從社會學(xué)的角度研究美國基金會，或者大都是關(guān)于美國某個基金會的介紹，較少將美國基金會作為整體進(jìn)行研究。本文正是從這一點(diǎn)出發(fā)考察美國基金會的發(fā)展史，淺析淺析和歸納美國基金會的作用。本文主要分為四個部分：第一部分闡述了美國基金會的概況。第一，基金會的定義和類型�；饡亩x是“非政府的、擁有自己資金（通常來自單一的個人、家庭或公司）的、非營利的（實(shí)體），并自設(shè)董事會管理工作規(guī)劃的組織，其創(chuàng)辦的目的是支持或援助教育、社會、慈善、宗教或其他活動以服務(wù)于公共福利，主要是通過對其他非營利機(jī)構(gòu)的贊助�！泵绹饡梢苑譃楠�(dú)立基金會、公司基金會、社區(qū)基金會和運(yùn)作型基金會四種類型。第二，基金會的運(yùn)作機(jī)制，主要介紹美國基金會的成立程序、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、運(yùn)作方式和監(jiān)督體制。第三，基金會的活動領(lǐng)域。目前，基金會的活動領(lǐng)域主要集中在教育、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、人類服務(wù)、藝術(shù)與文化、公共事務(wù)和社會福利、環(huán)境與動物保護(hù)、科學(xué)技術(shù)、社會科學(xué)、國際事務(wù)和宗教等十個領(lǐng)域。第二部分是關(guān)于美國基金會的歷史考察。美國基金會有著源遠(yuǎn)流長的慈善傳統(tǒng)，基金會的產(chǎn)生是美國統(tǒng)治階級出于維護(hù)資本主義制度需要的結(jié)果，是基督教傳統(tǒng)精神與倫理反思的結(jié)果。到冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束前美國基金會的歷史主要劃分為兩個階段。第一個階段是1889年到1939年的興起階段，這個階段具有三個特點(diǎn)：首先，基金會具有“現(xiàn)代”的特點(diǎn)，它類似于商業(yè)公司的組織模式，擁有自己的董事會，有組織地從事世俗的慈善事業(yè)，這一點(diǎn)不同于教會和其他的慈善組織。其次，基金會捐贈的重點(diǎn)是教育、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生和自然科學(xué)研究。最后，基金會存在家族統(tǒng)治的特點(diǎn)，，而且基金會常常由年事已高的董事制約。從1940年到1991年是美國基金會高速發(fā)展的階段。在這個階段基金會具有五個特點(diǎn)：第一，基金會重視社會科學(xué)和公共政策研究。第二，基<WP=64>金會的國際活動增加。第三，基金會聯(lián)合組織和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展。第四，社會改良和提高福利事業(yè)成為基金會資助的新重點(diǎn)。第五，基金會出現(xiàn)意識形態(tài)的分裂。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國基金會出現(xiàn)了新的發(fā)展趨勢：首先，基金會的數(shù)量和規(guī)模以更快的速度發(fā)展。其次，基金會的資金來源、管理成員和捐贈的領(lǐng)域呈現(xiàn)多樣化。再次，基金會運(yùn)作方式的電子化和“信息基金會”的出現(xiàn)。最后，基金會出現(xiàn)了“風(fēng)險慈善”和“社會企業(yè)家”的新理念。第三部分是基金會在美國社會中的地位和作用。這部分淺析淺析了基金會與企業(yè)、政府和其他非營利組織三大部門之間的關(guān)系，論述了基金會在美國社會中的作用。首先，壟斷財(cái)團(tuán)制約著一批美國大基金會，基金會成為壟斷財(cái)團(tuán)用來逃稅、制約工商業(yè)和操縱政治的重要工具。其次，與美國政府相比，基金會具有非政府性、獨(dú)立性和志愿性的特點(diǎn)。雖然基金會和政府之間存在著對立的關(guān)系。但是基金會的根本宗旨也是為了維護(hù)資本主義制度，因此基金會在主要政策上與政府保持著默契配合，共同合作的關(guān)系。再次，基金會是非營利組織的重要組成部分，它與其他非營利組織形成了相互支持的關(guān)系�；饡瞧渌菭I利組織的資金來源之一，在非營利組織中發(fā)揮重要作用。其他非營利組織也維護(hù)基金會權(quán)利�？傊�，美國基金會是美國資本統(tǒng)治社會的另一種形式，是美國權(quán)勢集團(tuán)的重要組成部分，其根本目的是維護(hù)資本主義制度�；饡诿绹鐣邪l(fā)揮了重要的作用�；饡苿恿嗣绹逃聵I(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展，推動了科學(xué)研究的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，發(fā)展和完善了醫(yī)療保障事業(yè)，保存和弘揚(yáng)了美國傳統(tǒng)文化，推動了社會的民主化進(jìn)程和民族平等。它是美國社會穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展的重要均衡因素，起到了平衡社會發(fā)展與平等自由之間的“杠桿作用”。第四部分主要論述基金會在美國對外關(guān)系中的影響。首先，基金會是美國政府制定外交政策的“沉默伙伴”，主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方面，一方面是基金會自身成為政府的思想庫，為政府提供政策咨詢，或者是資助思想庫提供外交思想和方案。另一方面是在美國民間加強(qiáng)國際不足研究，資助建立國際關(guān)系和外國研究的學(xué)科，幫助美國人了解世界。其次，基金會在國際關(guān)系中的行為�；饡ㄟ^對外慈善援助、建立學(xué)校、設(shè)立國際獎學(xué)金等方<WP=65>式傳播美國文化，基金會還干涉他國內(nèi)政和顛覆違背美國意志的政府，削弱其他國家的力量，試圖在意識形態(tài)斗爭中“不戰(zhàn)而勝”。最后，與美國政府、大眾文化和新聞媒體相比，基金會在維護(hù)美國霸權(quán)中具有自己獨(dú)特的作用�；饡堑於绹鐣拿裰骰�，為美國霸權(quán)提供了長期穩(wěn)定的社會基礎(chǔ)�；饡拇壬圃茉炝嗣绹叭蚀取钡男蜗螅D(zhuǎn)變美國政府的霸道形象，增強(qiáng)了美國“善意霸權(quán)”的影響，增進(jìn)了美國在全世界的利益。

【Abstract】 America Foundations were formed originally during late 19th and early 20th. Up to now, foundations have played important roles not only in American society, but also in other countries with large quantities, huge scales and extensive activities. At present, studies for American foundations in the academia mainly focus on the perspective of sociology, or the introduction about American certain foundation, which is lack of taking American foundations as a whole entity. The author just reviewed the course of development of American foundations, analyzed and summed up the role of American foundations in this dissertation. There are four parts in this dissertation: In the first part, the author elaborated the general situation of American foundations. Firstly, the definition of foundation is “a nongovernmental, nonprofit [entity] with its own funds (usually from a single source, either an individual, a family, or a corporation) and program managed by its own trustees and directors, established to maintain or aid educational, social, charitable, religious, or other activities serving the common welfare, primarily by making grants to other nonprofit organizations. ” American foundations can be divided into independent foundations, corporate foundations, community foundations and operating foundations. Secondly, this chapter was mainly about the application procedure of American foundations, organization structure, ways of function and supervisory system. Thirdly, the activity fields of American foundations were primarily concentrated on ten fields including education, health, human services, art & culture, public affairs/society benefit, environment &animals, science& technology, social science, international affairs and religion, etc. The second part was the historical study on American modern foundations. American foundations have centuries-old philanthropic traditions, the appearance of American foundations were the result that was based on not only <WP=67>the need of maintaining the Capitalism by the ruler class, but also the Christian traditional spirit and self-reflection. Before the cold war, the phylogeny of American foundations can be divided into two stages. The first stage was the arisen stage of foundations from 1889 to 1939. During this stage, American foundations had three characteristics: First, foundations were showed the characteristic of “modernity”, The organization of foundations was more similar to the organizational pattern of commercial company, which possessed own board of directors. Foundations were unreligious organizations that undertook philanthropy, which showed differences from church and other philanthropic organizations. Second, education, health and science were the main fields that foundations donated. Finally, the founder’s kin dominated the foundations, and the elder trustees controlled the foundation boards. From 1940 to 1991, it was the second stage that American foundations developed at a high speed. During this stage, there were five characteristics in American foundations. Firstly, foundations began to pay more attention to social science and the study of public policy. Secondly, foundations took part in the more international activities. Thirdly, The united organizations and research organizations of foundations began to emerge and develop. Fourthly, social improvement and raising welfare became a new focus of American foundations. Fifthly, ideological differences between conservative and liberal foundations began to split. After the cold war, American foundations had some new tendencies. First of all, the quantity and scale of American foundations were increased with more rapid speed. Next, donated fields, administrators and the capital source of foundations presented diversification. Thirdly, the electronic function of foundations and “information foundation” appeared. Finally, the new concepts such as “Venture?Philanthropy” and “Social Entrepreneur” came forth. The third part of this dissertation was about the role of foundations in American society. The aut