本文關(guān)鍵詞：蒲安臣使團，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

蒲安臣使團探討

蒲安臣使團探討

十九世紀中期的兩次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭均以清政府的失敗結(jié)束,西方列強迫使清政府與其簽訂了一系列不平等條約,中國開始淪為半殖民地半封建社會。正是由于這樣的歷史背景,才催生了中國近代第一個外交使團——蒲安臣使團。1868年,美國人蒲安臣受命代表清政府出使西方各國,這是近代中國第一次以平等的身份向西方國家派出使團,其意 義非凡。蒲安臣使團歷時兩年多先后訪問了美、英、法、普、俄等十一個國家,通過外交談判讓西方列強承認了中國的主權(quán)并允諾不以武力解決爭端,一定程度上維護了清政府的主權(quán)和利益。尤其是在相對平等的基礎(chǔ)上簽訂的《中美續(xù)增條約》即《蒲安臣條約》,更是隨后幾十年中國政府保護在美華工的法律武器,并為選派幼童赴美留學提供了條約保證,為中國近現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展提供了豐富的人才儲備。然而,由于特殊的歷史條件,蒲安臣——一個曾經(jīng)擔任駐華公使的美國“合作政策”的捍衛(wèi)者和實踐者——成為清政府第一個外交使團的負責人。也許正是由于這個理由,以往國內(nèi)學者對蒲安臣使團的研究幾乎全盤否定。即使在革新開放后的二十年間,有關(guān)論著、教材在提到蒲安臣使團時,還大多持否定態(tài)度。隨著思想的解放,經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展,人們對蒲安臣及蒲安臣使團的評價也逐漸客觀起來,許多學者發(fā)表文章探討其中的積極意 義。但是這些評述絕大部分僅著眼于局部、個別不足的探討,或限于篇幅僅點到為止,并且存在著國內(nèi)研究偏少、評價偏低,海外評價偏高、不夠全面的缺陷和不足。因此,我們有必要對蒲安臣使團進行全面的研究和探討,在尊重歷史事實的基礎(chǔ)上,客觀公正地看待它在中國近代外交史上的地位和作用,以及它對中國近代化進程的影響。本文以歷史唯物主義為指導,淺析淺析了蒲安臣使團產(chǎn)生的特殊歷史背景,梳理和總結(jié)了蒲安臣使團的出使行程和取得的外交成果。認為蒲安臣使團的外交活動,在一定程度上維護了清政府的主權(quán)和利益,培養(yǎng)了中國自己的外交人員,增進了中西方的相互了解和交流。論文著重淺析淺析了蒲安臣使團成敗得失的理由。蒲安臣使團出使,雖然取得了一些外交成果,但從根本上說卻沒有多少實質(zhì)性的成果。西方列強不可能讓中國真正強大起來,中國并沒有像蒲安臣所期待的那樣進行革新,這與蒲安臣的最初設(shè)想大相徑庭。形成這種局面的理由與當時的國際國內(nèi)政治環(huán)境及其發(fā)展變化密切相關(guān),但究其根源則在于中國與西方列強之間存在著更本質(zhì)上的矛盾沖突。其內(nèi)在根源在于代表封建地主階級的腐朽、落后的清政府已經(jīng)嚴重阻礙生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,無法與先進的資本主義相抗衡。僵化衰弱的的清政府無法擺脫套在自己身上的枷鎖,在面對西方列強侵略時,只能是任人宰割,被迫簽訂屈辱的條約。其外在表現(xiàn)則是東西方文化差異使雙方不斷產(chǎn)生分歧和誤解,且由此進一步激發(fā)了各種各樣矛盾的產(chǎn)生。最后,對蒲安臣使團的歷史地位進行了評價,闡述了蒲安臣使團出使的積極作用和歷史意 義。蒲安臣是一位十足的理想主義者,蒲安臣使團的產(chǎn)生是其理想主義外交思想的特殊產(chǎn)物,蒲安臣使團出使推動了近代中國外交體制的建立及中國社會的轉(zhuǎn)變,一定程度上維護了清政府的利益,推動了中外人民的交往與友誼。蒲安臣使團出使是中國近代外交史上的一件大事,是中國外交從傳統(tǒng)走向近代、從中國固有的朝貢體系走向先進的條約體系的開端,為中國近代外交制度的建立開辟了道路,同時也為中國打開了了解和學習西方的大門,推動了中外交流,催生了新生思想。因此,它在中國近代史和中國外交史上都應(yīng)該占有一席之地。

【Abstract】 In the middle of the 19th century, the two Opium Wars ended in the failure of the Qing government. The Western powers forced a series of unequal treaties upon this government, which caused China declined to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. Under the historical background, the first diplomatic mission in modern China—the Burlingame mission—emerged. In 1868, Burlingame from the US was appointed minister to head a Chinese diplomatic mission to the Western countries. It was significant in that this was the first time for modern China to send mission to the Western countries on an equal basis. And it took the Burlingame mission two years to visit eleven countries as America, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia. Through diplomatic negotiation, the mission led the Western powers to admit China’s sovereignty and promise resolving disputes without recourse to force, protecting to a certain extent the sovereignty and interests of the Qing government. Especially the Supplementary to the Reed Treaty, later known as the Burlingame Treaty, which was signed on an equal basis, became a legal weapon of Chinese government defending Chinese workers in the US for the following decades, and guaranteed the designated children to study in America legally, thus providing for the development of modern China with abundant resource of talented people.On special historical condition, Burlingame—an ambassador in China and a defender and practitioner of American "cooperative policy"—became a principal of the first diplomatic mission of the Qing government. Because of this, most scholars in China before rejected the Burlingame mission as a whole. Even during the two decades after the reform and opening-up, most of the scholars in their works and teaching materials held negative attitudes towards the Burlingame mission. With the development of liberated mind and developed economic society, people become objective in evaluating the man and his mission. Sometimes scholars analyze the positive significances in their articles. However, the evaluations are not prolific, and they mainly focus on discussing isolated and superficial problems. Furthermore, studies in China underestimate Burlingame and his mission, while studies abroad overestimate them. Therefore, we need to carry out the study of the Burlingame mission roundly and systematically. On the basis of respecting historical facts, we will discuss its status and effect on the diplomatic history in modern China as well as its influence in the process of modernizing China fairly and objectively. This study analyzes the special historical background for the emergence of the mission, organizes and summarizes the diplomatic journeys and achievements they made. We hold that the diplomatic activities of the mission maintained to a certain extent the Qing government’s sovereignty and interests, cultivated Chinese diplomats, and improved mutual understanding and communication between China and the Western countries. The study also analyzes in particular the cause of the mission’s success and failure. The Burlingame mission had gained certain benefits diplomatically, though without much substantial results. It goes against Burlingame’s primary imagination in that the Western powers didn’t lead China to be a strong and powerful nation, and the Chinese government didn’t carry out the reform as his expectation. This situation, on the one hand, was closely related with the political environment both in China and abroad at that time; on the other hand and most importantly, was linked with essential conflicts between China and the Western countries. Because the decayed and backward Qing government, representative of the feudal landlord class, had been seriously hindering the development of the productive forces, and was not able to compete with the advanced capitalism. Being unable to throw off the shackles, the fossilized Qing government had to be manipulated and forced to sign the humiliating treaties when faced with aggression of the Western powers. The external aspect presented continual misunderstanding caused by the cultural differences of China and Western countries, and further stimulated various problems. In the end, the study estimates historical status of the Burlingame mission, and also elaborates the positive effects and historical significance of the mission’s activities. Anson Burlingame was an idealist to the backbone. The Burlingame mission was thus a special product of his idealistic diplomatic thoughts, the diplomatic activities of which had improved the establishment and transformation of the diplomatic system in modern China, protected the interests of the Qing government, and promoted the communication and friendship between Chinese and foreigners.The diplomatic activities of the Burlingame ambassadors were significant for the history of modern China’s diplomacy in that they represented the starting point of China’s transformation from an antiquated society to a modern one, from the inherent feudalistic system to a more advanced treaty system, hence opening up a road for the foundation of Chinese diplomatic system. In the meantime, they accelerated intercommunication and facilitated new ideas, through keeping China opened to understanding and learning of the Western countries. As a result, the mission should take its place in the history of modern China and its diplomacy.

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：蒲安臣使團，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。