【摘要】：背景:溺死是指淹沒(méi)于液體之中發(fā)生的死亡。其機(jī)制是液體進(jìn)入并堵塞呼吸道,阻礙氣體交換,造成體內(nèi)缺氧和二氧化碳潴留,人體因阻塞性窒息而死亡。據(jù)調(diào)查報(bào)告,每年全世界因溺死死亡人數(shù)達(dá)十萬(wàn)分之三點(diǎn)五,對(duì)于未成年人,溺死排在意外死亡的第二位。我國(guó)沿海、江河地區(qū)溺死案件甚多,據(jù)部分省市統(tǒng)計(jì),水中尸體占法醫(yī)尸體檢驗(yàn)的20%,且存在為數(shù)不少的他殺案件。因此,對(duì)于水中發(fā)現(xiàn)的尸體,皆應(yīng)進(jìn)行法醫(yī)學(xué)的仔細(xì)檢驗(yàn),準(zhǔn)確判斷是生前溺死還是死后拋尸入水,或是其它原因,諸如水中瘁死等。 溺死的鑒定目前在診斷和機(jī)制方面,仍存在許多問(wèn)題,尚待研究。以硅藻檢驗(yàn)為例,該方法對(duì)于溺死的判定有甚重要作用,但存在假陽(yáng)性和假陰性的問(wèn)題,其它的檢驗(yàn)方法,更經(jīng)不住推敲,對(duì)溺死的死亡機(jī)制認(rèn)識(shí)不清楚,對(duì)溺死作出科學(xué)、準(zhǔn)確的法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定方法尚需進(jìn)一步完善。 為滿足法醫(yī)檢驗(yàn)實(shí)踐的迫切需要,運(yùn)用當(dāng)前的分子生物學(xué)的新理論和技術(shù)對(duì)溺死進(jìn)行研究,值得法醫(yī)病理學(xué)家重視,在分子生物學(xué)方面,水通道蛋白(Aquaporin)的發(fā)現(xiàn)及相關(guān)的研究成果為突破溺死研究方面的難題提供了一種可能。 水通道蛋白是Agre等(1988年)發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種新的膜蛋白,分子量約30kD左右,至今已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了十種亞型,按順序分別命名為AQP0～AQP9,逐漸成為一個(gè)大家族。水通道蛋白對(duì)水的通過(guò)有特殊通過(guò)性,通過(guò)基因敲除等實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)它可以成幾十倍、幾百倍地加快水的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),對(duì)各種離子不具有這種通過(guò)性,它們發(fā)揮這一功能不需要消耗能量,不受溫度、質(zhì)膜成分的影響,水的通過(guò)僅需質(zhì)膜兩側(cè)存在滲透壓差。目前水通道蛋白1(Aquaporin-1,AQP-1)在肺組織
[Abstract]:Background: drowning is death that occurs when submerged in a liquid. The mechanism is that the fluid enters and blocks the respiratory tract, blocks the gas exchange, causes the body to lack oxygen and carbon dioxide retention, and the human body dies from obstructive asphyxia. According to the survey, the number of deaths caused by drowning in the world reaches 3.5/100000 every year, and drowning ranks second among minors in accidental deaths. There are many cases of drowning in coastal and river areas of China. According to statistics of some provinces and cities, corpses in water account for 20% of corpses examined by forensic doctors, and there are quite a few cases of homicide. Therefore, the bodies found in water should be carefully examined by forensic medicine to determine accurately whether they were drowned or dumped into the water, or for other reasons, such as sudden death in water, and so on. There are still many problems in the diagnosis and mechanism of drowning. Taking diatom test as an example, this method plays an important role in the determination of drowning, but there are some problems of false positive and false negative. Other testing methods can not withstand scrutiny, and the mechanism of drowning death is not clear, and the science of drowning is made. The accurate forensic identification method needs to be further improved. In order to meet the urgent need of forensic examination practice, the study of drowning by using the new theories and techniques of molecular biology is worthy of the attention of forensic pathologists. The discovery of aquaporin (Aquaporin) and related research results provide a possibility for breakthrough of drowning research. Aquaporin is a new membrane protein discovered by Agre et al. (1988). Its molecular weight is about 30kD. So far, ten subtypes have been discovered and named AQP0~AQP9, gradually as a large family. Aquaporins have a special ability to pass through water, and through experiments such as gene knockout, it is found that they can speed up water transport by tens, hundreds times, and do not have this kind of transportability to various ions, and they do not need to consume energy to perform this function. Water only needs osmotic pressure difference on both sides of plasma membrane without the influence of temperature and plasma membrane composition. Present aquaporin-1 (Aquaporin-1,AQP-1) in lung tissue
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D919

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