【摘要】： 犯罪既是一種社會事實，又是一種社會評價。同時，任何犯罪行為的發(fā)生，既是行為人自身反社會心理和行為傾向的外在表現(xiàn)，也在于特定情景的推動。在犯罪學上，可以用“犯罪行為=犯罪人人格+罪前情景+社會反應”來表達犯罪行為的生成。本文即圍繞腐敗犯罪人的人格特征、腐敗犯罪罪前情景、腐敗犯罪社會反應三方面探討腐敗犯罪行為的生成，并在此基礎上探討腐敗犯罪行為的防控，全本共分為五個部分： 第一部分，前言。筆者首先對本文的研究目的進行了闡述。面對腐敗犯罪的嚴峻現(xiàn)實，理論研究出現(xiàn)了一些偏差，偏重現(xiàn)象而非行為的空乏議論難以指導實踐。因而，本文從腐敗犯罪行為出發(fā)，研究其生成及防控。對某事物進行研究之前，有必要對其準確界定。作者在前言部分對腐敗犯罪行為的內涵和本質進行了前提性的界定，并具體到我國的刑法規(guī)定，腐敗犯罪行為包括貪污賄賂犯罪行為和部分瀆職犯罪行為(必須是同時侵犯公職的公正性和廉潔性的瀆職犯罪行為，而像國家機關工作人員簽訂、履行合同失職被騙罪等單純的過失型瀆職犯罪不屬于腐敗犯罪行為之列)。 第二部分，即第一章，腐敗犯罪行為生成的三大要素系統(tǒng)�？疾旆缸镄袨樯傻目陀^過程，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)社會中能夠生成犯罪行為必須具備犯罪人要素、社會情景要素以及社會評價(社會反應)要素，三個要素共同作用、缺一不可，具有社會評價意義的所謂的犯罪行為才能得以生成。因此，探討腐敗犯罪行為的生成，必須要分析腐敗犯罪人人格、腐敗犯罪罪前情景、腐敗犯罪社會反應三大要素系統(tǒng)。我們在這一部分從腐敗犯罪生成的三大要素系統(tǒng)入手，闡述為什么會生成腐敗犯罪行為，為后面研究腐敗犯罪行為生成機制(腐敗犯罪行為怎樣生成的)打下基礎，以期最后建立科學的腐敗犯罪控制系統(tǒng)。 犯罪人人格是犯罪生成的根本原因。具體而言，導致腐敗犯罪行為生成的腐敗犯罪人格核心要素主要包括腐敗犯罪行為人的需要、動機、人生觀、世界觀等。需要是人類行為的根本原因，動機是行為最直接的動力，而人生觀和世界觀是需要和動機的最高調節(jié)器。腐敗犯罪需要具體表現(xiàn)為物質欲極度擴展、權力欲極度擴展、通過權力權利化的方式來滿足權力欲和物質欲。腐敗犯罪人的動機主要有：圖財、補償、虛榮。由于世界觀、人生觀的最高調節(jié)器作用，腐敗犯罪行為人錯誤的世界觀、反社會的人生觀、腐朽的權力觀，導致他們沒有崇高的理想、追求物質資源的最大化，極端個人主義、損公肥私，把權力私有化、商品化。以此三者為核心的腐敗犯罪人格成為了腐敗犯罪的內驅力，是個體走向腐敗之路的最根本原因。 情景，即事物在具體場合中所呈現(xiàn)的樣態(tài)。在社會生活中，情景因素不僅構成了個體社會活動的背景條件，而且也參與著作為個體行為內驅力的動機的形成過程。個體所面臨的直接促使其形成犯罪動機和將這種動機轉化為侵害行為的外在形勢即罪前情景�；谧锴扒榫耙卦诖俪煞缸镄袨榈姆绞胶妥饔脤哟紊系牟煌�，可以分為原發(fā)性情景和過渡性情景。在罪前情景的各種要素中，作為組成之一的被害人要素備受當代犯罪學的關注。本文也將著重對腐敗犯罪被害人這一情景因素進行分析。在此，作者首先分析了國家是腐敗犯罪的被害人，接著指出國家被害人的被害性，還論述了腐敗犯罪的犯罪人與被害人的互動。對國家被害人的分析，使我們找到了腐敗犯罪行為滋生的更為直觀和形象的原因。 社會反應是國家立法機關或者司法機關、社會群體將某些越軌行為認定(標定、命名)為犯罪行為的過程。離開了一定形式的社會反應，侵害行為就僅僅是一種事實狀態(tài)，也就沒有“犯罪行為”這種具有特殊社會含義的行為類型可言。因此，腐敗犯罪社會反應是腐敗犯罪行為的生成必不可少的要素。文中分別從腐敗犯罪正式社會反應和非正式社會反應闡述了各自對腐敗犯罪行為生成的作用。 第三部分，即第二章，腐敗犯罪行為生成機制。在本部分，分層次、分階段解析腐敗犯罪行為的生成機制：在不良的人生觀和腐朽的權力觀指引下，腐敗犯罪人的權力欲和物質欲無限擴展，并受到外界不良因素不斷刺激，產生以權謀私、濫用職權的行為動機(以便滿足其權力欲和物質欲)，經歷內心的動機斗爭，最終形成腐敗犯罪決意，即完成了腐敗犯罪的動力系統(tǒng)的構建，使腐敗犯罪行為進入怎樣行動的階段。腐敗犯罪人能否即刻采取行動，并不完全以腐敗犯罪人的意志為轉移，還要受其環(huán)境(包括被害人狀態(tài)以及實施行為時的時空條件和其他相關因素)的制約。也就是說，腐敗犯罪人格和罪前情景因素共同作用，引發(fā)腐敗犯罪動機的生成，罪前情景因素繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用，促使動機轉化為行為。同時，，腐敗犯罪社會反應因素可以強化或弱化腐敗犯罪需要、動機及其犯罪人格。 在本章中，從腐敗犯罪人格、腐敗罪前情景的形成入手，再分析兩者的共同作用導致腐敗犯罪動機的生成；動機形成后，罪前情景繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用，使腐敗犯罪動機向腐敗犯罪行為轉化；腐敗犯罪行為現(xiàn)實的得以實施，面對不同的社會反應，對腐敗犯罪人的需要、動機、人格將產生不同的影響，面對消極的社會反應，腐敗犯罪人的需要、動機、犯罪人格將得到強化和升級。 第四部分，即第三章，腐敗犯罪控制系統(tǒng)。著眼于前兩個部分腐敗犯罪行為生成的分析，與之相對應，腐敗犯罪的控制措施也應整合成為一個系統(tǒng)。簡而言之，腐敗犯罪控制系統(tǒng)應當分為三個子系統(tǒng)。第一子系統(tǒng)動力控制系統(tǒng)，主要針對腐敗犯罪人格形成因素進行控制；第二子系統(tǒng)情景控制系統(tǒng)，主要是針對腐敗犯罪產生的罪前情景要素進行控制；第三子系統(tǒng)社會反應控制系統(tǒng)，主要是針對腐敗犯罪的社會反應。三個子系統(tǒng)相互影響、相互作用，統(tǒng)一構成腐敗控制系統(tǒng)。以腐敗犯罪行為生成系統(tǒng)為內核，腐敗犯罪控制系統(tǒng)圍繞、覆蓋在腐敗犯罪行為生成系統(tǒng)表面，兩系統(tǒng)不斷進行能量的傳遞和轉化，當兩系統(tǒng)之間達到動態(tài)平衡時，腐敗犯罪行為被控制在社會發(fā)展許可的合理范圍內。 動力控制系統(tǒng)，主要針對腐敗犯罪人格因素進行控制。腐敗動機來源于腐敗犯罪人的需要，而個體的世界觀、價值觀決定著一個人總的思想傾向，決定著一個人的需要、動機、興趣、理想、信念等。腐敗犯罪人與社會對立的需要來源于錯誤的世界觀，因而，正確的世界觀是個體防腐拒變的堅實閘門。同時我們也應看到，人的需求永無知止境，這是人性所在，也是社會不斷進步的源泉，因而，我們在矯正人們不現(xiàn)實的、與社會對立的需求時，也應滿足其合理的、正當?shù)男枨�，否則，就是違背人性而非理性的控制了。著眼于這兩方面，我們在構建腐敗犯罪動力控制系統(tǒng)時，首先要預設好適應市場經濟的新公職人員的價值觀，完善公職人員選拔任用、考核和罷免制度，完善對公職人員的教育工作，還要有滿足其合法需求的制度建設等。 罪前情景因素不但在動力構建過程中發(fā)揮作用，而且在動機形成后繼續(xù)推動，直接導致了犯罪行為的生成，因而，控制腐敗犯罪必須進行腐敗犯罪情景控制。而腐敗犯罪罪前情景中最為直接、最關鍵的是被害人因素，核心便是國家的被害性：權力缺乏制衡和監(jiān)督、權責不明確，誘發(fā)公職人員腐敗犯罪動機并促成腐敗動機向行為轉化。鑒于此腐敗犯罪情景控制主要應圍繞明確權責、權力監(jiān)督采取措施。 某一具有潛在刑法意義的腐敗行為能否生成具有強烈社會否定意義的腐敗犯罪行為，行為人能否獲得具有強烈譴責意義的犯罪人身份而受到懲罰，取決于社會反應系統(tǒng)作用的發(fā)揮，且社會反應因素對腐敗犯罪行為的生成還具有實質上的促動或抑制作用。正因為此，在尋求腐敗犯罪對策時，僅從犯罪人和罪前情景角度展開還不夠，還必須從社會反應角度出發(fā)，構建腐敗犯罪評價控制系統(tǒng)。對應立法反應、司法反應以及非正式反應，我們在進行腐敗犯罪評價控制時，須從完善腐敗犯罪立法、健全檢察制度、發(fā)揮社會輿論功能這幾方面入手采取一系列措施，控制腐敗犯罪行為的生成。 第五部分，結語。本文最后的結論是，腐敗犯罪行為生成是主體人格、外在情景以及社會反應的共同作用，因而，對腐敗犯罪行為的控制必然包括通過塑造行為人良好的人格促使其內在的自我控制，減少罪前情景因素以及發(fā)揮社會反應機制的外在社會控制。
[Abstract]:Crime is not only a social fact, but also a kind of social evaluation. At the same time, the occurrence of any criminal act is both the external manifestation of the anti social psychology and behavior tendency of the perpetrator itself, and the promotion of the specific situation. In criminology, the crime can be expressed by "criminal behavior = the personality of the criminal + the scene of the crime before the crime" and the social reaction. On the basis of the three aspects of the personality characteristics of the corrupt criminal, the scene of the crime of corruption and the social reaction of corruption and the social reaction of corruption, this paper discusses the prevention and control of the criminal behavior of corruption, which is divided into five parts.
The first part, preface. First, the author expounds the purpose of this study. Facing the serious reality of corruption crime, there are some deviations in the theoretical research, and it is difficult to guide the practice. Therefore, this paper studies its generation and prevention and control from the criminal act of corruption. It is necessary to define it accurately. In the preface, the author defines the connotation and nature of the criminal act of corruption, and specifically to the criminal law of our country, the criminal acts of corruption include corruption and bribery crimes and some acts of dereliction of duty (it must be a crime of malfeasance that violates the fairness and integrity of the public office at the same time, " A simple negligent malfeasance crime, such as signing a contract with a state organ, performing a contract dereliction of duty, or a fraud, is not a crime of corruption.
The second part, the first chapter, the three main elements of the generation of corruption crime, investigates the objective process of the generation of criminal behavior, and we find that the crime must have the elements of the criminal, the elements of the social situation and the factors of social evaluation (social reaction), and the three elements have the common effect, and the social evaluation has the social evaluation. So, the meaning of the so-called crime can be generated. Therefore, to explore the generation of corruption crime, we must analyze the personality of the corrupt criminal, the scene of the crime before the corruption crime and the social reaction of the corruption crime. We start with the three main elements of the corruption crime, and explain why the corrupt criminal is generated. The crime behavior lays the foundation for the later research on the formation mechanism of the corrupt criminal behavior (how the corruption crime is generated), in order to establish the scientific corruption crime control system at the end.
The personality of the criminal is the fundamental reason for the formation of the crime. In particular, the core elements of the corruption criminal personality that lead to the formation of the corrupt criminal act mainly include the needs, motives, outlook of life and the world view of the corrupt criminal. The essential reason for human behavior is the need for human behavior, and the motive is the most direct motive, while the outlook on life and the world view are needed. And the highest regulator of motivation. Corruption crime needs to be manifested as the extreme expansion of material desire, the extreme expansion of power, and the right of power to satisfy power desire and material desire. The main motives of the corrupt criminal are: money, compensation, vanity. The corruption criminal is wrong because of the world outlook, the highest regulator function of the outlook on life. The misconception of the world, the view of the antisocial life and the decadent view of power lead to the lack of lofty ideals, the pursuit of the maximization of material resources, the extreme individualism, the gain and loss of the public, the privatization of power, and the commercialization of the power, which are the core of the corrupt criminal personality as the core of the three parties, and the most fundamental of the individual's path to corruption. Reason.
In social life, situational factors not only constitute the background conditions for individual social activities, but also participate in the formation process of the motive of the internal drive of individual behavior. The individual faces the direct impetus to the formation of the motive of the crime and the transformation of this motive into a violation. In the situation before the crime scene. Based on the difference in the way and the level of the role of the crime before the crime, it can be divided into the original situation and the transitional situation. Among the various elements of the pre crime scene, the victim element is one of the key points of the contemporary Criminology. This article will also focus on the victims of the crime of corruption. In this case, the author first analyzes the state is the victim of the corruption crime, then points out the victimization of the national victim, and discusses the interaction between the perpetrators and the victims of the corruption crime. The analysis of the national victims makes us find the more intuitive and image reasons for the corruption crime.
The social reaction is the state legislature or the judicial organ, and the social group determines (demarcation, naming) a criminal act of some deviant behavior. The social reaction of a certain form is left, the violation is only a state of fact, and there is no "criminal act" as a kind of behavior type with special social meaning. The social reaction of corruption crime is an essential factor for the formation of corrupt criminal behavior. In this paper, the role of corruption crime is expounded from the formal social reaction and informal social reaction of corruption crime.
The third part, the second chapter, the formation mechanism of the corrupt criminal behavior. In this part, the formation mechanism of the corruption crime is divided into stages. Under the guidance of the bad outlook on life and the decadent view of power, the power desire and material desire of the corrupt perpetrators are expanded infinitely, and they are constantly stimulated by the external adverse factors, resulting in the abuse of power and the abuse of power. The action motive of the power of power (to satisfy his power desire and material desire), experience the inner motive struggle, and finally form the decision of the corruption crime, that is to complete the construction of the power system of the corruption crime, and make the corrupt criminal act in the stage of how to act. In order to transfer, it is also restricted by its environment (including the state of the victim and the time and space conditions and other related factors in the implementation of the behavior). That is to say, the joint action of the corrupt criminal personality and the pre crime scene factors leads to the formation of the motive of the crime of corruption, the situation factors before the crime continue to play a role, and the motive of the crime will be transformed into behavior. The social reaction factors of crime can strengthen or weaken the needs, motives and criminal personality of corruption.
In this chapter, we start with the formation of corruption crime personality and the formation of the situation before the crime of corruption, and then analyze the joint role of the two to lead to the formation of the motive of the corruption crime; after the formation of the motive, the situation of the crime before the crime continues to play a role in transforming the motive of the corruption crime to the corrupt criminal behavior; the reality of the corruption crime is implemented and faced with the different society. The needs, motives and personality of the corrupt criminal will have different effects, and the negative social reaction, the needs and motives of the corrupt perpetrators, and the criminal personality will be strengthened and upgraded.
The fourth part, the third chapter, the corruption crime control system. In view of the analysis of the generation of corruption in the first two parts, the control measures of the corruption crime should be integrated into a system. In short, the control system of corruption crime should be divided into three sub-systems. The first subsystem power control system, mainly aimed at corruption. The second sub-system scenario control system is mainly to control the pre crime scene elements produced by the corruption crime; the third subsystem social response control system is mainly aimed at the social reaction of the corruption crime. The three subsystems interact and interact with each other, and make up the corruption control system in a unified way. The system of corruption crime is formed as the kernel, the corruption crime control system is surrounded by the corruption crime control system, and the system is covered on the surface of the corruption crime generation system. The two systems continue to transfer and transform the energy. When the two systems reach the dynamic balance, the corruption crime is controlled in the reasonable scope of the social development license.
The power control system mainly controls the personality factors of the corruption crime. The motive of corruption comes from the needs of the corrupt criminal, and the individual world outlook determines a person's general ideological tendency and determines the needs, motives, interests, ideals and beliefs of a person. The need for the antagonism of the corrupt criminal and the society originates from the wrong. As a result, the correct world view is the solid gate of the individual anticorrosion and refusal. At the same time, we should also see that human needs are always ignorant, which is the place of human nature and the source of the continuous progress of society. Therefore, when we correct people's unrealistic and social needs, we should also meet their reasonable and proper needs. Otherwise, we should In view of these two aspects, we should first set up the values of the new public officials who adapt to the market economy, perfect the selection and appointment of public officials, the system of examination and removal, perfect the education work for the public servants and meet their legitimate needs. System construction and so on.
The pre crime situational factors not only play a role in the process of dynamic construction, but also continue to promote the formation of criminal behavior after the formation of the motive. Therefore, the control of corruption crime must be controlled by the situation of corruption crime. The most direct and critical is the victim factor in the former scene of the crime of corruption, and the core is the damage of the state. Sex: the lack of power and balance and supervision, the unclear power and responsibility, the motive of the corruption crime of public officials and the transformation of the corruption motive to the behavior. In view of the control of the situation of corruption crime, the power supervision should be focused on the clear power and responsibility, and the power supervision should take measures.
Whether a corrupt act with potential criminal meaning can generate a corrupt crime with strong social negative meaning and whether the person can be punished for the identity of a criminal who has a strong condemnation significance depends on the role of the social reaction system, and the social reaction is essential to the formation of the corruption crime. It is precisely because of this, that it is not enough only from the angle of the offender and the scene of the crime to seek the Countermeasures for the crime of corruption. We must also build a system for the evaluation and control of the corruption crime from the angle of social reaction. It is necessary to respond to the legislative reaction, the judicial reaction and the informal reaction. From perfecting the legislation of corruption crime, perfecting the procuratorial system and giving full play to the function of public opinion, we take a series of measures to control the generation of corruption crimes.
The fifth part, conclusion. The final conclusion of this article is that the formation of corruption crime is the common role of the subjective personality, the external situation and the social reaction. Therefore, the control of the criminal behavior of corruption inevitably includes the inner self control, the reduction of the pre crime scene factors and the social reaction machine through the shaping of the good personality of the perpetrator. The external social control of the system.
【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：D917.6

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