本文選題：命案 + 被害人　； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： “命案”是一個以犯罪實際造成的損害后果進(jìn)行歸類的概念。公安部對“命案”所確定的基本外延,包括故意殺人、故意傷害致死和在爆炸、投毒、放火、搶劫、強奸、綁架等犯罪活動中致人死亡的案件。 當(dāng)前我國每年命案發(fā)案數(shù)3萬余起,傷亡人數(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過當(dāng)年全國各地自然災(zāi)害所造成的人員傷亡的總和。全國公安機關(guān)為期三年“命案必破”專項行動期間,發(fā)案水平呈現(xiàn)一定程度的降幅。但是,僅僅依靠專項打擊和圍繞犯罪人的預(yù)防工作顯然是不夠的。命案誘因極具多樣性,又不具有顯著的可防性,采取固有的震懾、防范、教育、改造等手段收效甚微,實務(wù)部門在疲于奔命的破案、抓捕、懲罰,所有舉措都圍繞犯罪人展開,卻忽視了犯罪過程中還有一個重要環(huán)節(jié)——被害人需要進(jìn)行研究。對命案被害人進(jìn)行研究,是為了挖掘被害成因,指導(dǎo)被害預(yù)防,削減滋生犯罪的土壤,降低被害受損的程度。 為了找到每年數(shù)萬人死于非命的被害根源,就需要對這些案件層層分解、歸類,找出其特征和規(guī)律。從命案類型來看,以故意殺人、傷害致死和搶劫殺人三類占絕對多數(shù)。命案被害人中,男女比例差別不明顯,以青壯年居多,被害地點多數(shù)在住所和公共場所,暫住人口的被害比例較高,外來打工和個體經(jīng)營人員所占比例較大。 在紛繁復(fù)雜、形形色色的命案中,與被害人完全無關(guān)純屬偶然的被害現(xiàn)象是極少的,絕大多數(shù)被害的發(fā)生其實是偶然之中孕育著必然。揭示命案被害的必然因素就要從分析命案被害人的特征入手。 所謂被害人特征,即被害人的被害性。被害性是被害人本身的一種特性,是誘發(fā)加害人實施加害行為的一種帶有主動誘使和強烈刺激的因素,或者是加害人實施加害行為時可以利用和必須利用的有利條件。命案被害人的被害性主要包括被害的傾向性、易感性、受容性、誘發(fā)性、轉(zhuǎn)化性等幾方面。命案被害人的上述特征是導(dǎo)致其被害的要因。 命案被害預(yù)防的研究方向就是圍繞命案被害要因開展預(yù)防工作,消除或減少被害人特征,改善被害時空條件,降低潛在被害人群的被害風(fēng)險。從被害人和潛在被害人為主體的范圍大小的不同來說,犯罪被害預(yù)防可以分為社會被害預(yù)防、群體被害預(yù)防、個體被害預(yù)防三個層次。社會被害預(yù)防是指有關(guān)職能部門從整個社會的犯罪和犯罪被害的現(xiàn)狀與趨勢出發(fā),制定相關(guān)的防范被害措施及貫徹實施這些措施的過程。群體被害預(yù)防是指針對有關(guān)易發(fā)生命案和易產(chǎn)生命案被害人的社會群體,采取專門規(guī)定和措施,防止和減少被害發(fā)生的預(yù)防工作。個體被害預(yù)防是指個人在社會有關(guān)部門宣傳、教育影響下,依據(jù)個人經(jīng)驗、掌握的相關(guān)知識和技能,主動實施的避免犯罪被害的行為。
[Abstract]:Homicide is a concept classified by the actual consequences of the damage caused by the crime. The basic denotation of "homicide" determined by the Ministry of Public Security includes cases of intentional homicide, intentional injury, and death in explosion, poisoning, arson, robbery, rape, kidnapping, and other criminal activities. At present, there are more than 30,000 homicide cases each year in our country, and the number of casualties is far more than the total number of casualties caused by natural disasters all over the country. During the three-year special action of the national public security organs, the level of crime has decreased to a certain extent. But it is clearly not enough to rely solely on specific strikes and prevention efforts around perpetrators. The causes of homicide cases are extremely diverse, and they are not significantly preventable. Measures such as deterring, preventing, educating, reforming and so on have had little effect. The practical departments are working hard to solve cases, arrest and punish them. All the measures have been carried out around the perpetrators. However, it ignores the fact that there is still an important link in the process of crime-the victim needs to be studied. The purpose of this study is to excavate the causes of victimization, to guide the prevention of victimization, to reduce the soil of crime breeding, and to reduce the degree of victimization. In order to find out the root causes of tens of thousands of deaths every year, it is necessary to decompose these cases layer by layer, classify them and find out their characteristics and laws. According to the type of homicide cases, intentional homicide, injury death and robbery homicide account for the absolute majority. There is no obvious difference between male and female victims in the homicide cases. The majority of the victims are young and middle-aged. The majority of the victims are in their residences and public places. The proportion of the temporary residents is higher and the proportion of migrant workers and self-employed personnel is larger. In the complicated and varied homicide cases, there are very few victims who have nothing to do with the victims. The vast majority of the victims are pregnant with the inevitable in the accident. To reveal the inevitable factors of homicide, we should analyze the characteristics of homicide victims. So-called victim characteristic, namely victim's victimization. Victimization is a characteristic of the victim itself. It is a kind of active inducement and strong stimulation factor that induces the victimizer to carry out the injurious behavior, or it is the favorable condition which can be used and must be used when the victimizer carries out the injurious act. The victimization of homicide victims mainly includes the tendency, susceptibility, tolerance, inducement, transmutation and so on. The above-mentioned characteristics of the homicide victim are the cause of his death. The research direction of homicide prevention is to carry out prevention work, to eliminate or reduce the characteristics of victims, to improve the space-time conditions of victims, and to reduce the risk of victimization of potential victims. According to the scope of the victim and the potential victim, the crime prevention can be divided into three levels: social victimization prevention, group victimization prevention and individual victimization prevention. The prevention of social victimization refers to the process of making relevant measures to prevent victimization and carry out these measures from the view of the present situation and trend of crime and crime victimization in the whole society. The prevention of mass victimization refers to the prevention work of preventing and reducing the occurrence of victimization by taking special provisions and measures against the social groups which are prone to homicide and easy to produce homicide victims. Individual victimization prevention refers to the behavior of avoiding crime and victimization, which is carried out by individuals under the influence of propaganda and education in relevant social departments, according to personal experience and relevant knowledge and skills.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D917

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