本文關(guān)鍵詞： 犯罪現(xiàn)場 物證信息 基礎(chǔ)理論 邏輯推導(dǎo)模型 犯罪現(xiàn)場重建 刻畫犯罪人 物證信息開發(fā)　出處：《西南政法大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,法庭科學(xué)取得了突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展,刑事偵查作為一門學(xué)科在我國也逐漸的成熟與完善。但當(dāng)前我國的刑事案件破案率仍然較低,偵查模式總體上仍屬于“由供到證”,嚴(yán)重影響社會的穩(wěn)定與正義的實(shí)現(xiàn)。筆者認(rèn)為,導(dǎo)致這種局面的主要原因一方面是對犯罪現(xiàn)場與物證的研究尚存諸多不足,另一面是犯罪現(xiàn)場勘查實(shí)踐中仍然存在著水平低、技術(shù)差等問題,所以案件偵查中無法獲取充足的物證,更談不上利用物證信息進(jìn)行邏輯推導(dǎo)偵破案件。本文從探討犯罪現(xiàn)場的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵出發(fā),對犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息的識別、收集、保存、應(yīng)用及開發(fā)利用等多個方面進(jìn)行了全面系統(tǒng)的研究,目的就是為犯罪現(xiàn)場勘查與案件偵查提供理論基礎(chǔ),推動“由證到供"或“由證到零供”科學(xué)偵查模式的形成,提高刑事案件的偵破率,全面發(fā)揮物證在法庭審判中的證明力。 全文約四萬字,除引言和結(jié)語外,共分四個部分。 第一部分是犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息概論,主要涉及犯罪現(xiàn)場、證據(jù)、物證與物證信息等方面的內(nèi)容。 該部分首先明確了犯罪現(xiàn)場的概念。當(dāng)前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于犯罪現(xiàn)場的理解存在很大的爭議,筆者對這些爭議進(jìn)行了概括分析,并從犯罪現(xiàn)場勘查目的的角度對犯罪現(xiàn)場進(jìn)行了定義。 其次,對證據(jù)的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行了探討。筆者批駁了當(dāng)前關(guān)于“證據(jù)是一種事實(shí)”的錯誤觀點(diǎn),指出證據(jù)是“證明案件事實(shí)的依據(jù)”。在此基礎(chǔ)上對‘證據(jù)證明的案件事實(shí)”與”案件真實(shí)情況”之間的區(qū)別進(jìn)行分析,以實(shí)現(xiàn)二者最大程度的趨同。 再者,對物證與物證信息進(jìn)行了解析。物證可以分為廣義上的物證與狹義上的物證,本文中所研究的物證作廣義上的理解,包括除了人證以外的其他所有證據(jù)。物證是無法主動與人們交流的“啞巴證據(jù)”,在案件偵查中,只有當(dāng)偵查人員通過科學(xué)技術(shù)手段對其進(jìn)行解讀之后,物證才能發(fā)揮其證明案件事實(shí)的作用。而物證之所以能夠被解讀,進(jìn)而證明案件事實(shí),根本的原因就在于物證中蘊(yùn)含著物證信息。物證信息是案件的各個環(huán)節(jié)所反映或留存在物品、痕跡中的那些能夠據(jù)以確定案件事實(shí)的信息,也即能夠消除案件不確定性的東西。實(shí)踐當(dāng)中,由于受各種條件的制約,物證很難被全面有效解讀,因此必須加強(qiáng)對物證檢驗(yàn)和分析方法的研究,特別是加強(qiáng)運(yùn)用最新的科學(xué)技術(shù)方法挖掘物證信息,充分發(fā)揮其在案件偵查或法庭審判中的作用。 最后,從物證信息的層面對物證進(jìn)行了再認(rèn)識。傳統(tǒng)上對物證的認(rèn)識通常局限于實(shí)體的物質(zhì),而其他的一些物證形態(tài),如暫時性物證、情況性物證、形態(tài)性物證等則沒有得到足夠的重視。實(shí)際上它們當(dāng)中也蘊(yùn)含著大量的物證信息,對犯罪現(xiàn)場重建與刻畫犯罪人等都具有非常重要的作用,因此在犯罪現(xiàn)場勘查中應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對此類物證的收集。 第二部分是犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息的基礎(chǔ)理論,主要包括物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移理論、信息轉(zhuǎn)移理論以及物證信息的邏輯推導(dǎo)模型三方面的內(nèi)容。 物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移理論是以法國物證技術(shù)學(xué)家艾德蒙.洛卡德博士所提出的洛卡德物質(zhì)交換原理(Locard's Exchange Principle)為基礎(chǔ)而形成,后來逐漸受到各國偵查專家的認(rèn)可,并在偵查活動中發(fā)揮了重要作用。但隨著時代和科技的發(fā)展,它也暴露出一些固有的局限性,主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方面:一是將物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移理論作為物證信息的基礎(chǔ)理論具有一定的片面性。二是在此理論中物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的客體是物質(zhì),但是轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果卻是形成了新的物證。對由“物”到“證”的過程,該理論并不能作出很好的解釋;信息轉(zhuǎn)移理論以信息論為基礎(chǔ),從信息層面對物證進(jìn)行研究,揭示了物證信息轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)構(gòu)與轉(zhuǎn)移的本質(zhì),并對物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換為物證的原因作出了合理的解釋。筆者認(rèn)為,由于物證信息包含了物質(zhì)與信息兩個層面,物證信息的基礎(chǔ)理論也必然從這兩個方面進(jìn)行建構(gòu),既包含物質(zhì)層面上的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移理論,也包含信息層面上的信息轉(zhuǎn)移理論。只有將這兩個理論有效的結(jié)合起來,才能為犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息科學(xué)合理的運(yùn)用奠定基礎(chǔ)。 理論研究的目的在于指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐,所以筆者以理論為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建了一個物證信息應(yīng)用的理論模型,即物證信息的邏輯推導(dǎo)模型。根據(jù)不同的階段,可以分為犯罪過程中的邏輯推導(dǎo)模型、訴訟階段的邏輯推導(dǎo)模型及偵查階段的邏輯推導(dǎo)模型。為了更好的解釋如何運(yùn)用物證信息邏輯推導(dǎo)模型開展偵查,筆者選取一起殺人案件進(jìn)行了實(shí)證分析。 第三部分是犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息在偵查中的運(yùn)用,主要包含利用物證信息重建犯罪現(xiàn)場與利用物證信息刻畫犯罪人兩個方面的內(nèi)容。 犯罪現(xiàn)場重建(crime scene reconstruction)是歐美偵查界廣為使用的一個概念,近年來該理論引起我國偵查學(xué)界的廣泛關(guān)注。但學(xué)者對犯罪現(xiàn)場重建的研究過于籠統(tǒng),且過于經(jīng)驗(yàn)化,難以有效的指導(dǎo)偵查的實(shí)踐。筆者認(rèn)為,盡管犯罪現(xiàn)場重建需要各種與案件有關(guān)的信息,但是在人證因?yàn)榉N種原因越來越不可靠的情況下,物證信息在犯罪現(xiàn)場重建中發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用,在某些案件當(dāng)中,犯罪現(xiàn)場的重建甚至完全依賴于物證信息。因此,物證信息是犯罪現(xiàn)場重建的基礎(chǔ)。犯罪現(xiàn)場重建依據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以進(jìn)行不同的分類:根據(jù)現(xiàn)場重建范圍的不同,可分為對局部犯罪現(xiàn)場重建與對整體犯罪現(xiàn)場重建;根據(jù)犯罪現(xiàn)場重建的信息源不同,可分為根據(jù)人證重建犯罪現(xiàn)場,根據(jù)物證重建犯罪現(xiàn)場,根據(jù)人證與物證相結(jié)合重建犯罪現(xiàn)場;根據(jù)犯罪現(xiàn)場重建內(nèi)容的不同,可分為犯罪現(xiàn)場相對靜態(tài)狀況的重建與犯罪現(xiàn)場動態(tài)狀況重建。利用物證信息進(jìn)行犯罪現(xiàn)場重建必須嚴(yán)格遵循一定的程序,具體來說分為五個環(huán)節(jié):物證信息的收集、初步推測、形成假說、假說測試、形成最終結(jié)論。 通過物證信息的解讀可以對犯罪人相關(guān)特征進(jìn)行刻畫,給案件的偵查提供重要的參考。犯罪人的刻畫主要包括四個方面:一是犯罪人人身形象的刻畫,二是犯罪人所處地域范圍的刻畫,三是犯罪人職業(yè)范圍的刻畫,四是犯罪人心理特點(diǎn)的刻畫。對犯罪人人身形象、所處地域范圍及職業(yè)范圍刻畫時,嚴(yán)格依據(jù)物證信息進(jìn)行邏輯推導(dǎo),因此具有較強(qiáng)的科學(xué)性。犯罪人心理特點(diǎn)的刻畫在偵破一系列案件中也取得巨大的成功,引起學(xué)術(shù)界與偵查實(shí)踐部門的廣泛關(guān)注。但心理特點(diǎn)的刻畫離不開犯罪行為數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析,而我國當(dāng)前相關(guān)的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)嚴(yán)重不足且統(tǒng)計方法不規(guī)范,因此在當(dāng)前的偵查實(shí)踐中應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用。 第四部分是犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息的開發(fā)與利用,主要探討如何將犯罪現(xiàn)場物證信息由低可用狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為高可用狀態(tài),形成更高層次的信息資源。物證信息的開發(fā)與利用要遵循一定程序,具體來講分為六個步驟:第一步是物證信息的收集,即根據(jù)當(dāng)前我國犯罪偵查的需要將分散和蘊(yùn)含在不同案件犯罪現(xiàn)場中的物證信息進(jìn)行采掘和積累;第二步是物證信息的加工,即在原始物證信息的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行再處理,從而生產(chǎn)出價值含量較高,并可以在其它案件偵查中所運(yùn)用的信息,是物證信息增值的過程;第三步是物證信息數(shù)據(jù)庫建設(shè);第四步是物證信息數(shù)據(jù)庫的維護(hù),主要包括數(shù)據(jù)庫的更新、數(shù)據(jù)庫的安全維護(hù)以及數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)硬件的維護(hù)三個方面;第五步是物證信息的查找與交流,筆者從物證信息查詢的路徑、物證信息的傳遞以及物證信息的交流三個方面進(jìn)行了闡述;第六步是物證信息的利用,即偵查部門通過對數(shù)據(jù)庫中物證信息的查詢和交流,將獲取的物證信息應(yīng)用于案件的偵查當(dāng)中,達(dá)到偵破案件的目的。
[Abstract]:With the development of science and technology , the court science has made the rapid development , criminal investigation as a subject is gradually mature and perfect in our country . However , the investigation mode is still low , the investigation pattern still belongs to the realization of the stability and justice of the society . The aim is to provide the theoretical basis for the crime scene investigation and the investigation of the case , and to promote the formation of the scientific investigation mode of the crime scene investigation and investigation , to improve the detective rate of the criminal case and to fully exert the proof force in the trial of the court . The full text is about 40,000 words , divided into four parts in addition to the introduction and conclusion . The first part is an overview of crime scene evidence information , which mainly deals with the contents of crime scene , evidence , evidence and evidence information . Firstly , the concept of crime scene is defined firstly . At present , there is a great deal of dispute about the understanding of crime scene at home and abroad . The author makes a general analysis on these disputes and defines the crime scene from the perspective of crime scene investigation . Secondly , the paper discusses the scientific connotation of the evidence . The author refutes the erroneous viewpoint about " evidence is a fact " , points out that the evidence is the basis of " proof of the facts of the case " . On this basis , the difference between the " facts of evidence " and " the truth of the case " is analyzed to achieve the convergence of the two greatest degrees . In addition , the evidence and the evidence information are analyzed . The evidence can be divided into a broad sense of physical evidence and a narrow sense of evidence . The evidence presented in this paper is broadly understood , including all other evidence other than the human evidence . The evidence is " dumb evidence " that cannot be actively exchanged with people . In the investigation of the case , only when the investigators interpret them by means of scientific and technological means , the evidence is able to play the role of the facts of the case . Finally , the material evidence is re - recognized from the aspect of the evidence information . The traditional understanding of the physical evidence is usually limited to the substance of the entity , but other evidence forms , such as temporary evidence , case evidence and morphological evidence , are not paid enough attention . In fact , they also contain a large amount of evidence information , which plays a very important role in the reconstruction of the crime scene and the characterization of criminals , etc . Therefore , the collection of such evidence should be enhanced in the crime scene investigation . The second part is the basic theory of crime scene evidence information , which mainly includes material transfer theory , information transfer theory , and logical derivation model of evidence information . The theory of material transfer is based on the Locard ' s Exchange Principle , which is based on the principle of Locard ' s Exchange Principle , which is based on the principle of Locard ' s Exchange Principle . The purpose of the theoretical research is to guide the practice , so the author constructs a theoretical model of the application of the evidence information based on the theory , that is , the logical derivation model of the material evidence information . According to different stages , the logic derivation model in the process of the crime , the logic derivation model of the litigation stage and the logical derivation model of the investigation stage can be divided into the crime process . The third part is the application of the crime scene material evidence information in the investigation , mainly including the reconstruction of the crime scene with the evidence information and the use of the material evidence information to depict the contents of the two aspects of the crime . The crime scene reconstruction is a widely used concept in the investigation circles in Europe and America . In recent years , the theory has aroused extensive concern in China ' s investigative circles . However , the research on crime scene reconstruction is more and more important in the reconstruction of crime scene . Through the interpretation of the evidence information , the relevant characteristics of the offender can be described and the important reference is provided to the investigation of the case . The depiction of the perpetrator mainly includes four aspects : one is the characterization of the person ' s personal image , the second is the depiction of the geographical scope of the perpetrator , the third is the depiction of the psychological characteristics of the perpetrator . The characterization of the psychological characteristics of the offender is not inseparable from the statistical analysis of the crime data . However , the current relevant statistical data in our country is seriously insufficient and the statistical method is not standardized , so that the present investigation practice should be used with caution . The fourth part is the development and utilization of the evidence information of crime scene , mainly discusses how to convert the crime scene evidence information from the low available state to the high available state and form higher level information resources .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D918.4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 鐘新文;;物證信息的特征及作用[J];湖北警官學(xué)院學(xué)報;2013年09期

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本文編號：1515027