本文選題：中國共產(chǎn)黨 + 黨組　； 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：在中國共產(chǎn)黨的組織體系和制度體系中,黨組是一種重要的組織形態(tài)和制度形態(tài),它在中國政治過程中形成的黨組政治,是中國政黨政治的重要組成部分和鮮明特色。然而,當(dāng)前學(xué)術(shù)界對黨組、黨組制度、黨組政治卻鮮有專門化、系統(tǒng)性的深度研究,黨組的重要與研究的闕如形成了巨大反差,當(dāng)然,這也更加凸顯了黨組研究的學(xué)術(shù)價值與實(shí)踐意義,并為本研究提供了廣闊的研究空間。作為當(dāng)前國內(nèi)在該領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究的拓荒性嘗試,本文主要圍繞“為什么中國共產(chǎn)黨在建立和完善黨委制的同時,還要建立和完善黨組制?”這一核心問題,從“黨組來源于何處?”“黨組是什么?”“黨組如何嵌入到非黨組織之中?”“黨組政治如何運(yùn)作?”“黨組政治走向何方?”等五個議題,對中國黨組的演進(jìn)脈絡(luò)、政治形態(tài)、嵌入邏輯、政治過程和發(fā)展變革展開研究。本文在世界政黨政治發(fā)展的過程中審視“黨組來自何處”,認(rèn)為黨團(tuán)政治是以代議制和政黨制為內(nèi)容的民主政治發(fā)展的共性要求,不管是資本主義國家還是社會主義國家,只要有政黨存在并實(shí)行現(xiàn)代代議制,政黨必然會通過黨團(tuán)來影響國家決策,將政黨意志轉(zhuǎn)化為國家意志。與此同時,西方議會黨團(tuán)演進(jìn)到共產(chǎn)主義革命譜系下的蘇聯(lián)后,又有了不同的特點(diǎn),成為型塑蘇聯(lián)“黨治制”的重要制度。隨著蘇聯(lián)世界革命的輸出,中共黨團(tuán)在同樣作為共產(chǎn)主義革命譜系的中國革命進(jìn)程中產(chǎn)生了,蘇聯(lián)因素和對革命領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)的掌握是中共黨團(tuán)產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)外原因,而中國國民黨黨團(tuán)的產(chǎn)生及其斗爭,成為中共黨團(tuán)不斷強(qiáng)化的外部壓力。1945年黨的七大將黨團(tuán)改為黨組,并不僅僅是受蘇聯(lián)影響的結(jié)果,更多的是避免組織混亂、推進(jìn)黨政黨群分開、強(qiáng)化黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的需要,立足中國革命進(jìn)程變化、政治生態(tài)變化和黨的方位變化等幾個維度,才是理解黨組出場的正確基點(diǎn)。針對“黨組是什么”的問題,文章從歷史形態(tài)、現(xiàn)實(shí)形態(tài)和比較形態(tài)三個角度,對中共黨組展開形態(tài)分析。從歷史形態(tài)上來看,建國后的黨組歷經(jīng)“控制型形態(tài)”、“隱匿化形態(tài)”和“調(diào)適型形態(tài)”三種類型,這三種形態(tài)類型的形成、特征與發(fā)展都與建國以來中國政治的變遷脈絡(luò)息息相關(guān)。從現(xiàn)實(shí)形態(tài)來看,黨組是“非黨組織”中的“黨的組織”,是“可以成立”的“組織機(jī)構(gòu)”,是“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)”的“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心”,與批準(zhǔn)其成立的黨組織是“批準(zhǔn)服從”的“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)關(guān)系”,在非黨組織中建立黨委是“例外情況”的“特殊對待”。此外,黨組作為黨的一種組織形式,與黨委、黨工委等組織形態(tài)既有相同之處,更多的是有不同特征；而與西方國家的議會黨團(tuán)則具有本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別,以及由此產(chǎn)生的在范圍、層面、功能、關(guān)系等方面的形態(tài)差異。關(guān)于黨組如何嵌入到非黨組織之中,文章認(rèn)為,黨組對于非黨組織的嵌入,不是機(jī)械性地進(jìn)入,而是通過組織嵌入和制度嵌入來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。從組織嵌入來看,它遵循了一種組織生存、發(fā)展與主導(dǎo)的內(nèi)在邏輯,黨在外部影響的基礎(chǔ)上,通過“請示-批準(zhǔn)”機(jī)制,構(gòu)建了黨組織與非黨組織之間的組織嵌入關(guān)系,黨組的組織嵌入實(shí)際上是一種規(guī)則嵌入和功能嵌入,在嵌入方式上,黨組在“適應(yīng)”不同非黨組織運(yùn)行規(guī)則基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)對非黨組織的“主導(dǎo)性”嵌入。從制度嵌入來講,中國共產(chǎn)黨為實(shí)現(xiàn)對國家與社會的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),實(shí)現(xiàn)了縱向上的“黨委-支部”制度體系和橫向上的“黨委-黨組”制度體系縱橫交錯的互嵌與套嵌,在黨的雙線制度架構(gòu)中,黨組制度體系將黨的意志源源不斷地輸入到非黨系統(tǒng)中,通過黨組實(shí)現(xiàn)了對非黨組織的制度性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。黨組的制度嵌入,分為正式制度嵌入和非正式制度嵌入兩種類型,正式制度嵌入的方式是“伴生性嵌入”和“執(zhí)行性嵌入”,非正式制度嵌入的方式則是“符號性嵌入”。文章從精英和權(quán)力兩個向度來分析黨組政治的運(yùn)作過程,認(rèn)為黨組政治通過精英配置、權(quán)力配置和功能實(shí)現(xiàn),成就了中國共產(chǎn)黨對非黨組織的絕對領(lǐng)導(dǎo),成為中國政黨政治運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)最為鮮明的特色。從精英角度來看,黨組是一個黨內(nèi)黨員精英和非黨組織系統(tǒng)中黨員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)身份同構(gòu)的精英團(tuán)體,實(shí)質(zhì)是通過黨管干部的原則,實(shí)現(xiàn)了政黨精英與非黨組織精英的同構(gòu),并且通過黨組成員的非黨組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)身份對黨的干部身份的服從,實(shí)現(xiàn)了黨對非黨組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。從權(quán)力角度來看,黨組與非黨組織的兩種組織體系形成了雙軌權(quán)力,但又通過權(quán)力運(yùn)作“原則的服從”彌合了雙軌權(quán)力的張力。黨組政治中權(quán)力關(guān)系通過政黨科層的命令-服從機(jī)制和黨組與非黨組織的影響-服從機(jī)制,實(shí)現(xiàn)了所有權(quán)力向黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)的皈依。如果從政治系統(tǒng)理論的視角來審視黨組政治過程,這既是一個在黨組-非黨組織的開放系統(tǒng)中以“輸入-貫徹-轉(zhuǎn)化”為框架的功能實(shí)現(xiàn)過程,也是一個在非黨組織內(nèi)部的閉合系統(tǒng)中以“決策-執(zhí)行-監(jiān)督”為框架的功能實(shí)現(xiàn)過程。黨組政治在中國實(shí)際政治過程中,尤其是政黨政治過程中具有很高的價值,體現(xiàn)在對政黨政治關(guān)系的調(diào)適、對政治軸心秩序的支撐和對政黨組織內(nèi)卷的規(guī)避等方面。但它也存在著“替代”的風(fēng)險、“弱嵌”的傾向和“博弈”的張力等限度。黨組政治的變革要在“去黨委化”和“再制度化”兩個關(guān)鍵方面著手,不但要厘清形態(tài)邊界,防止權(quán)力僭越,構(gòu)建功能發(fā)揮的差序格局,還要在創(chuàng)設(shè)細(xì)化規(guī)則、設(shè)定統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、形成規(guī)范程序等方面做出努力和探索。
[Abstract]:In the organizational system and system system of the Communist Party of China, the Party group is an important form of organization and system. The Party group politics formed in the political process of China is an important part and distinctive feature of the party politics in China. However, the current academic circles are rarely specialized and systematic in the Party group, the Party group system and the Party group politics. In depth study, the importance of the Party group and the lack of research form a huge contrast. Of course, this also highlights the academic value and practical significance of the study of the Party group, and provides a broad research space for this study. As a pioneer attempt at the current domestic systematic research in this field, this article mainly revolves around the "why the Communist Party of China" At the same time, to establish and perfect the party system, we should establish and improve the Party group system? "This core question, from" where does the Party group come from? "" what is the Party group? "" how is the Party group embedded in the non party organization? "" how does the party's politics work? "" where is the party's political direction? "And so on, the evolution of the Party group in China, In the process of political development of the political parties in the world, this article examines the "where the Party group comes from" in the process of political development in the world, and thinks that the party's politics is a common requirement for the democratic political development of the representative system and the party system, whether it is a capitalist country or a socialist country, as long as it has a policy of politics. The party will exist and carry out the modern representative system. The party will inevitably influence the decision of the country through the Party group and transform the will of the party into the will of the state. At the same time, after the evolution of the Western Parliamentary Party group to the Communist revolutionary pedigree of the Soviet Union, it has different characteristics and becomes an important system for shaping the "party governance" of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party group was produced in the course of the Chinese revolution, which was the same as the Communist revolutionary pedigree. The Soviet Union and the leadership of the revolutionary leadership were the internal and external reasons for the Communist Party's party corps, and the formation and struggle of the Chinese Kuomintang Party group became the external pressure of the continuous strengthening of the Communist Party group in.1945, the seven party mass of the party. For the Party group, it is not only the result of the influence of the Soviet Union, but also to avoid the confusion of the organization, the separation of the party and the party and the party, the need of strengthening the leadership of the party, the changes in the process of the Chinese revolution, the change of the political ecology and the change of the party's azimuth. From the historical form, the realistic form and the comparative form, the article analyses the Communist Party group of the Communist Party of China. From the historical point of view, the Party group after the founding of the people's Republic of China has gone through the three types of "controlled form", "concealed form" and "adjustment form", the formation of the three forms, the characteristics and development of the Chinese government since the founding of the people's Republic of China. In reality, the Party group is the "organization of the party" in the "non party organization", the "organization organization", the "leading core" of the "leading organs", and the "leadership relationship" with the approval of the party organization, and the establishment of the Party committee in the non party organization. In addition, as a form of organization of the party, the Party group, as a form of Party organization, has the same features as the Party committee and the Party Work Committee and other organizational forms. It is different from the Western parliamentary party, and the form of its production in scope, level, function and relationship. On how the Party group is embedded into the non party organization, the article holds that the Party group's embeddedness for non Party organizations is not mechanically entered, but is realized through organizational embedding and institutional embeddedness. From the organization embeddedness, it follows an internal logic of organization survival, development and guidance, and the party has passed through the external influence on the basis of the external influence of the party. The organization embeddedness between Party organization and non party organization is constructed by "asking for approval" mechanism. The organization embeddedness of the party organization is actually a kind of rule embedding and functional embeddedness. In the way of embedding, the Party group realizes the "dominant" embeddedness of non Party organizations on the basis of "adapting to" the rules of different non Party organizations. The Communist Party of China, in order to realize the leadership of the state and society, has realized the vertical "Party committee and branch" system and the horizontal "Party Committee Party group" system, interlocking and interlocking. In the party's dual system framework, the Party group system has continuously input the party's meaning into the non party system and through the party. The group realizes the institutional leadership of non Party organizations. The system embeddedness of the Party group is divided into two types: the formal system Embeddedness and the informal system embeddedness. The formal system is embedded in the form of "associated embeddedness" and "executive embeddedness", and the informal system is embedded in the "sign character embeddedness". The article from the two dimensions of the elite and the power. To analyze the operation process of Party group politics, it is believed that the Party group's politics through elite configuration, power allocation and function realization has achieved the absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China to the non Party organizations and has become the most distinctive feature of the political operation of the party in China. From the elite angle, the Party group is a party member of the Party member elite and the non party organization system. The essence of the elite group with identity isomorphism is to realize the isomorphism between the party elite and the non party organization through the party's principle of managing cadres, and to realize the leadership of the party to the non Party organizations through the leadership of the non party organization of the members of the Party group and the leadership of the party to the non Party organizations. From the perspective of power, the two organizations of the Party group and the non party organization are organized. The system has formed a double track power, but through the operation of the "principle of principle" of power operation, it bridges the tension of the double track power. In the Party group, the power relationship of the party's politics realizes the conversion of all power to the party's leading power through the command of the party section and the influence of the Party group and the non party organization. Looking at the political process of the Party group, this is not only a functional realization process in the open system of the Party group and non party organization, but also a functional realization process in the closed system of the non party organization with the framework of "decision enforcement supervision" in the closed system of non Party organizations. The Party group politics in China's actual political process In the political process, the political party, especially in the political process, is of high value, which is reflected in the adjustment of the political relations of the party, the support of the political axis order and the evasion of the party organization. But it also has the risk of "substitution", the tendency of "weak inlay" and the tension of "game". In the two key aspects of Party committee and re institutionalization, we should not only clarify the boundary of the form, prevent the overstepping of power, build the pattern of the difference in function, but also make efforts and exploration in the creation of rules, the setting of unified standards, and the formation of standard procedures.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D262

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