本文選題：期刊 + 科學(xué)�。� 參考：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：晚清期刊中的科學(xué)話語傳播是在西學(xué)東漸、西力東侵的歷史格局中進(jìn)行,與科學(xué)話語傳播結(jié)伴而行的是科學(xué)話語體系的建構(gòu)。而晚晴科學(xué)話語體系的構(gòu)建,經(jīng)歷了醞釀期、萌芽期與初步形成期三個不同的階段。其中醞釀期以傳教士的格致話語傳播為主,萌芽期以維新報人的格致話語傳播為主,初步形成期則以辛亥報人的科學(xué)話語傳播為主。從格致話語傳播到科學(xué)話語傳播的嬗變,就是晚清期刊科學(xué)話語體系建構(gòu)的內(nèi)在理路與外在表征。格致話語與科學(xué)話語代表著兩條不‘同的傳播路徑。一條是傳教士格致話語傳播路徑,基本上沿襲明末清初傳教士的“以學(xué)輔教”的宗旨,用中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的“格致”來指稱Science,“科學(xué)”一詞直到1905年間,《萬國公報》上才開始使用“科學(xué)”詞匯。傳教士格致話語中的“格致”更多的是指稱狹義上的科學(xué),即自然科學(xué),尚屬“小科學(xué)”的范疇。并概述格致的本義、方法、分類、功能與精神等方面。鑒于晚清科學(xué)話語體系的構(gòu)建實(shí)指中國人的自主構(gòu)建,傳教士只是起著一個中介與播種的作用。傳教士中文報刊在格致話語傳播過程中形成了兩個不同的傳統(tǒng)。一個是《察世俗每月統(tǒng)記傳》為代表的的“《察世俗》傳統(tǒng)”,“以闡發(fā)基督教義為根本要務(wù)”,科學(xué)內(nèi)容很少,屬于宗教期刊。另一個是以《東西洋考每月統(tǒng)記傳》為代表的“《東西洋考》傳統(tǒng)”,以科學(xué)為主,宗教次之,類似世俗期刊。首先是“《察世俗》傳統(tǒng)”主導(dǎo),然后“《東西洋考》傳統(tǒng)”取而代之。19世紀(jì)60年代以前,“《東西洋考》傳統(tǒng)”一直被《遐邇貫珍》、《六合叢談》、《中西聞見錄》與《格致匯編》等傳承。《中國教會新報》創(chuàng)刊后,兩種傳統(tǒng)共存。《萬國公報》介紹了西方一些格致新聞、格致成果與格致理論,并產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的社會影響。1907年終刊后,傳教士格致話語傳播式微,“《察世俗》傳統(tǒng)”回歸主導(dǎo)。但“《東西洋考》傳統(tǒng)”并未消亡,仍然被維新報人與辛亥報人所傳承。 另一條路徑是中經(jīng)日本的科學(xué)傳播路徑。維新報人與辛亥報人掀起了科學(xué)話語傳播的兩次高潮,具有“以學(xué)輔教”之表征。內(nèi)容有區(qū)別,前者重視科學(xué)知識與科學(xué)新聞的介紹,是第一階梯傳播。后者更側(cè)重于形而上的科學(xué)話語傳播,是第二階梯傳播。并使用日文中的“科學(xué)”來指稱Science。國內(nèi)最早使用“科學(xué)”既非康有為,也非嚴(yán)復(fù),而是《實(shí)學(xué)報》(1897年11月15日),但因未署名而難以確定身份。20世紀(jì)初“格致”與“科學(xué)”共存與混用,1905年以后,“科學(xué)”詞匯才逐漸淘汰“格致”。日本成為了戊戌維新時期與辛亥革命時期科學(xué)話語傳播的主要中介與信息來源。而日本國內(nèi)的“科學(xué)”原本就有“大科學(xué)”與“小科學(xué)”兩種發(fā)展趨勢,但輸入中國并產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響的是“系統(tǒng)之學(xué)”的“大科學(xué)”。 晚清期刊科學(xué)話語傳播主要具有信息傳遞、科學(xué)啟蒙兩項(xiàng)功能,與當(dāng)時社會變遷與文化轉(zhuǎn)型形成互動。一方面,科學(xué)話語傳播是觀念革命的助產(chǎn)士,也是認(rèn)知圖式變革的加速器,對人們的認(rèn)知方式、認(rèn)知的地理空間與知識結(jié)構(gòu)都產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。宏觀的宇宙天體、中觀的人事社會與微觀的物質(zhì)世界都逐漸納入人們的認(rèn)知范圍,科學(xué)的理性精神、懷疑精神和創(chuàng)新精神逐漸被人們所內(nèi)化,科學(xué)傳播所催產(chǎn)的這種深層變革,使得人們的思維模式與行為方式發(fā)生變化。另一方面,科學(xué)不再是奇技淫巧與旁門左道,而被正名,這是科學(xué)發(fā)展的外在要求�？茖W(xué)話語傳播過程是近代科學(xué)的中國化過程,也是中國古代科學(xué)文化與西方近代科學(xué)文化之間碰撞與融合,并促成了中國古代科學(xué)的近代轉(zhuǎn)型。 晚清期刊科學(xué)話語傳播有五項(xiàng)特征,即信息源上的外源性、傳播途徑上的單向度線性傳播、傳播績效上的局限性、生長周期上的短暫性、話語體系構(gòu)建上的漸進(jìn)性等�？茖W(xué)傳播層面上,晚清期刊科學(xué)話語傳播為新文化運(yùn)動提供了寶貴的思想資源與理論基礎(chǔ),是新文化運(yùn)動的先聲,而新文化運(yùn)動是對晚清期刊科學(xué)話語傳播的傳承與發(fā)展,是必然的發(fā)展趨勢,二者一脈相承。
[Abstract]:The dissemination of scientific discourse in the periodicals of the late Qing Dynasty is carried out in the historical pattern of Western learning and the invasion of western force East, and the construction of scientific discourse with the companion of scientific discourse. The construction of the scientific discourse system in the late Qing Dynasty has undergone three different stages of the brewing period, the germination period and the initial formation period. The main stage is the communication of discourse. The preliminary formation period is mainly the dissemination of the scientific discourse of the 1911 newspaper. The evolution of the communication from the discourse to the scientific discourse is the internal logic and external representation of the construction of the scientific discourse system in the late Qing Dynasty. The discourse and the scientific discourse represent two. One is the path of communication. One is the spread path of the missionaries, which basically follows the tenet of the missionaries in the early Ming and the early Qing Dynasty. The "science" is used in the Chinese traditional culture to refer to Science. The word "science" began to use the word "science" until the 1905 years. The "grid" in the language is more about the science in the narrow sense, that is, the natural science, and the category of "small science". It also outlines the meaning, method, classification, function and spirit of the style. In the light of the construction of the scientific discourse system in the late Qing Dynasty, the preacher only plays an intermediary and sowing role. The Chinese newspapers and periodicals have formed two different traditions in the course of the spread of discourse. One is the "inspection of the secular > tradition", which is represented by the secular monthly biography, and the essential essential of the interpretation of Christian meaning. "Yang Kao > tradition", based on science and religion, is similar to secular periodicals. First, "observe the secular > tradition", and then replace the tradition of "the East and the west" and the tradition. Before the 60s.19 century, "the East and the West examination > tradition" has been inherited by "the East and the west", "the Liuhe series >" "the Chinese and Western news" and "the compendium". After the publication of the publication, two kinds of traditional coexistence. The "Wanguo gazette" introduced some western style news, the achievement and the grid theory, and produced a far-reaching social impact of the.1907 year's end issue, the missionaries of the language of the spread of discourse, "observe the secular > tradition" regress leading. The report is passed on by the reporter.
The other way is the route of scientific communication between China and China. The two climax of the dissemination of scientific discourse is raised by the reformers and the 1911 newspaper people, which are characterized by the "learning auxiliary teaching". The content is different. The former attaches importance to the introduction of scientific knowledge and science news, and the first step is spread. The latter is more focused on the metaphysical dissemination of scientific discourse, and is the first. The two staircase spread. And using the Japanese "science" to indicate that the earliest use of "science" in Science. was neither Kang Youwei nor Yan Fu, but the real science newspaper (November 15, 1897), but it was difficult to determine the identity of "science" and "science" at the beginning of the.20 century without signature, and the term "science" was gradually naughty after 1905. Japan has become the main intermediary and information source of the dissemination of scientific discourse in the reform movement of 1898 and the revolution of 1911. But the "science" in Japan originally had two development trends of "great science" and "small science", but the "great science" of "systematic study" was deeply influenced by the input of China.
The communication of scientific discourse in the late Qing Dynasty is mainly transmitted by information and two functions of scientific enlightenment. On the one hand, the dissemination of scientific discourse is a midwife of the concept revolution and an accelerator of the transformation of cognitive schema, which has produced a deep understanding of people's cognitive style, geographical space and knowledge structure. The macroscopic cosmic celestial bodies, the mesoscopic personnel society and the microcosmic material world are gradually incorporated into the people's cognitive range, the scientific rational spirit, the spirit of suspicion and the spirit of innovation are gradually internalized by the people, and the deep change produced by the scientific communication makes people's thinking patterns and behavior patterns change. On the other hand, Science is no longer a trick, but it is the external requirement of science, which is the external requirement of scientific development. The process of communication of scientific discourse is the Chinese process of modern science, and also the collision and integration of ancient Chinese science culture and modern western science culture, and it also contributes to the modern transformation of Chinese ancient science.
There are five characteristics in the dissemination of scientific discourse in the late Qing Dynasty, namely, the exogenous nature of the information source, the one-way linear transmission in the way of communication, the limitation of the transmission performance, the short duration of the growth cycle, the gradual construction of the discourse system, etc.. In the scientific communication level, the communication of the scientific discourse of the late Qing Dynasty provides valuable thought for the new cultural movement. Thinking of resources and theoretical foundation is the first sound of the new cultural movement, and the new cultural movement is the inheritance and development of the communication of the scientific discourse of the late Qing Dynasty. It is an inevitable trend of development, and the two are the same.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：G239.29

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