本文選題：現(xiàn)代國(guó)家 + 族群　； 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 族群與國(guó)家是兩類性質(zhì)不同的共同體,它們各自有著不同的維系紐帶,發(fā)展軌跡也各不相同,在人類社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著不同的作用。族群是人類因?yàn)樽匀环植荚蚧蛴捎谔厥獾纳鐣?huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)而形成的,主要以認(rèn)同為維系紐帶的文化共同體,是人類文化的主要載體,它主要通過(guò)一些儀式、符號(hào)、節(jié)日、傳說(shuō),發(fā)揮著為人們提供精神歸屬和自我身份確認(rèn)的作用。族群早在人類進(jìn)入文明時(shí)代以前,就已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生。國(guó)家的出現(xiàn),則是人類進(jìn)入文明社會(huì)的標(biāo)志之一,它是人類社會(huì)在出現(xiàn)財(cái)富、階級(jí)分化之后,為了避免社會(huì)沖突過(guò)于激烈而導(dǎo)致人類社會(huì)毀滅,由特定階級(jí)的代表人依據(jù)其階級(jí)利益而做出的對(duì)社會(huì)秩序的理性設(shè)計(jì)。國(guó)家主要通過(guò)一系列價(jià)值、制度、組織機(jī)構(gòu),來(lái)約束人們的行為,對(duì)社會(huì)資源與利益進(jìn)行權(quán)威分配,進(jìn)而形成一定的社會(huì)秩序。 發(fā)端于西歐的“現(xiàn)代化”進(jìn)程,改變了人類經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展形式與社會(huì)生活方式,進(jìn)而促成了“現(xiàn)代性”發(fā)育。“現(xiàn)代性”是指由“現(xiàn)代化”進(jìn)程催生的,與“現(xiàn)代化”進(jìn)程啟動(dòng)之前不同的一系列人類理念、價(jià)值、思維方式、生活方式的總和,“現(xiàn)代性”的發(fā)育改變了國(guó)家的價(jià)值基礎(chǔ),制度內(nèi)容和組織設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行模式,使傳統(tǒng)國(guó)家面臨向現(xiàn)代國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)變的壓力。“現(xiàn)代性”的發(fā)育同時(shí)也改變了人類社會(huì)過(guò)去形成的各類共同體,使一些在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)非常強(qiáng)有力的共同體崩潰解體,或者作用弱化,人們精神世界面臨危機(jī)。這導(dǎo)致族群這一在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)并沒(méi)有發(fā)揮顯著作用的共同體,影響力不斷彰顯。 現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)的核心內(nèi)容,是一系列基于現(xiàn)代性的政治制度、價(jià)值與組織體系的建構(gòu),包括個(gè)人主義、理性精神、民主意識(shí)、法治觀念、代議制權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)、功利主義的國(guó)家及政府作用定位、科層制行政組織體系等。 在現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)進(jìn)程中,世界各地普遍都采取了民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式動(dòng)員社會(huì)力量,發(fā)動(dòng)針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)國(guó)家的革命活動(dòng),并且在國(guó)家建立之后也繼續(xù)進(jìn)行民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng),以凝聚社會(huì)力量,保持國(guó)家穩(wěn)定,推動(dòng)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展,增強(qiáng)政權(quán)的合法性。民族主義的核心,其實(shí)是用現(xiàn)代性的價(jià)值、理念及建立在現(xiàn)代性基礎(chǔ)上的新的文化作為紐帶,將特定區(qū)域內(nèi)的人建構(gòu)成一個(gè)新的共同體,并將之與現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的價(jià)值、制度和作用捆綁,使現(xiàn)代國(guó)家獲得廣泛的社會(huì)認(rèn)同。這個(gè)新的共同體,對(duì)內(nèi)即是公民共同體——享有現(xiàn)代國(guó)家規(guī)定的各種權(quán)利、義務(wù)的公民組成的共同體；對(duì)外,則作為一個(gè)整體,是現(xiàn)代國(guó)家主權(quán)的歸依,是區(qū)別于外部社會(huì)一切人群的民族共同體。由于對(duì)民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的倚重,現(xiàn)代國(guó)家因而也成為民族國(guó)家。民族的建構(gòu),服從并服務(wù)于國(guó)家制度、價(jià)值與組織建構(gòu)——它既是國(guó)家制度、價(jià)值與組織建構(gòu)的產(chǎn)物,又是國(guó)家制度、價(jià)值與組織建構(gòu)的動(dòng)力。 然而,在現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)的過(guò)程中,由于不同地方社會(huì)情況差異,以及對(duì)建構(gòu)民族的過(guò)程認(rèn)識(shí)差異,并不是每個(gè)國(guó)家都能夠真正做到國(guó)家制度、價(jià)值、組織建構(gòu)與民族建構(gòu)相輔相成。由于族群與民族具有高度的相似性,在不少族群成份復(fù)雜的國(guó)家,族群往往成為一些社會(huì)利益團(tuán)體借用的工具。通過(guò)推動(dòng)族群的民族化,這些利益團(tuán)體得以制約國(guó)家的制度、價(jià)值、組織建構(gòu),以實(shí)現(xiàn)本團(tuán)體的目標(biāo),這即是目前在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛存在的“民族問(wèn)題”的根源。 在處理“民族問(wèn)題”方面,堅(jiān)持以現(xiàn)代國(guó)家制度、價(jià)值、組織建構(gòu)整合族群,建構(gòu)單一民族的同時(shí)有效防范了族群?jiǎn)为?dú)民族化的國(guó)家,往往保持了國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一、穩(wěn)定與繁榮；而當(dāng)國(guó)家制度、價(jià)值、組織建構(gòu)屈從于族群民族化傾向之后,國(guó)家所具有的強(qiáng)大力量反而成為進(jìn)一步催動(dòng)族群向民族演變的動(dòng)力。由于民族的目標(biāo)是建立國(guó)家,這些國(guó)家的結(jié)局往往是民族多元化之后社會(huì)分裂、國(guó)家解體。 而也有一部分國(guó)家能夠較好地處理族群民族化問(wèn)題,這主要是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谔幚碜迦簡(jiǎn)栴}過(guò)程中,始終堅(jiān)持站在國(guó)家建構(gòu)的立場(chǎng)上,以國(guó)家制度價(jià)值、制度、組織建構(gòu)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)民族建構(gòu),對(duì)族群屬性和族群利益有比較清楚的判斷和應(yīng)對(duì),有效地防范和化解了可能引發(fā)族群民族化的各種因素。 中國(guó)是一個(gè)族群眾多的國(guó)家,中國(guó)早在現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建立之前就已經(jīng)形成了與現(xiàn)代民族共同體類似的超族群共同體,這一共同體在中國(guó)開(kāi)始現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)進(jìn)程之后,成為自覺(jué)的中華民族共同體。然而,在中國(guó)建構(gòu)現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的進(jìn)程中,由于內(nèi)部、外部雙重因素的影響,境內(nèi)族群關(guān)系曾一度出現(xiàn)危機(jī),個(gè)別中華民族分支族群出現(xiàn)了民族化傾向,對(duì)中國(guó)的社會(huì)團(tuán)結(jié)和國(guó)家統(tǒng)一造成了嚴(yán)重威脅。新中國(guó)的成立使中國(guó)現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)走上正軌,并消除了外部因素對(duì)中國(guó)民族建構(gòu)的直接影響,阻止了中國(guó)族群關(guān)系的進(jìn)一步惡化,但在處理族群?jiǎn)栴}方面過(guò)多借用蘇聯(lián)模式,也引發(fā)了一些問(wèn)題。未來(lái)中國(guó)在繼續(xù)現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)過(guò)程中,需要采取多種措施進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)中國(guó)的民族建構(gòu),緩解族群?jiǎn)柮芘c沖突,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)多元族群與單一民族和諧共存的局面。
[Abstract]:The ethnic group and the state are two kinds of community with different nature. They each have different ties of maintenance and different development tracks. They play different roles in the development of human society. Ethnic groups are formed by natural distribution or special social movement, mainly with the culture of identification as a tie. The community is the main carrier of human culture. It plays the role of providing people with spiritual belonging and self identity through some ceremonies, symbols, festivals and legends. The ethnic group has been born before the age of civilization. The emergence of the country is one of the symbols of human society, and it is the human society. After the emergence of wealth and class differentiation, the rational design of the social order made by the representative of a particular class on the basis of the interests of the class in order to avoid the excessive social conflict and the social order is designed by the representative of a particular class on the basis of its class interests. The state is mainly through a series of values, systems and organizations to restrict the behavior of people and to carry out the right to social resources and interests. In order to form a certain social order, the power is distributed.
"Modernization", which originated in Western Europe, has changed the form of human economic development and the way of social life, and thus facilitated the development of "Modernity". "Modernity" refers to a series of human ideas, values, ways of thinking, and the way of life, which are different from the "modernization" process, which are different from the process of "modernization". The development of modernity has changed the value basis of the country, the content of the system, the design of the organization, the mode of operation and the pressure on the transformation of the traditional country to the modern country. The development of modernity has also changed the community of human society in the past, and disintegrated some of the very strong community in the social society, or People's role is weakening, and people's spiritual world is facing crisis. This leads to the community, which has not played a significant role in traditional society, and its influence is constantly showing.
The core content of modern state construction is a series of political systems based on modernity, the construction of values and organizational systems, including individualism, rational spirit, democratic consciousness, the concept of rule of law, representative power institutions, the role of utilitarianism and government, the administrative organization system of the bureaucratic system, etc.
In the process of modern national construction, all parts of the world have generally adopted the way of nationalist movement to mobilize the social forces, launch the revolutionary activities against the traditional state, and continue to carry on the nationalist movement after the establishment of the state, in order to condense the social forces, keep the state stable, promote the modernization of the country and strengthen the legitimacy of the regime. The core of nationalism is to use the value of modernity, the idea and the new culture built on the basis of modernity as a link, to build a new community in a particular area, and to bind it to the values, systems and functions of the modern state, and to make a broad social identity of the modern country. This new community, To the inside is the community of citizens - a community of rights and obligations under the modern state; as a whole, as a whole, it is the dependency of the sovereignty of the modern state and the national community that is distinguished from all the people in the external society. The construction of the nation, the construction of the nation, the obedience and service of the state system, the value and the structure of the organization - is the product of the state system, the value and the organization, and the power of the state system, the value and the organization.
However, in the course of the construction of modern countries, because of the differences in social conditions in different places and the difference in the process of constructing ethnic groups, not every country can truly achieve national system, value, organizational construction and national construction. Because of the high similarity between ethnic groups and people, many ethnic groups are complex. The nation, the ethnic group often become a tool used by some social interest groups. By promoting ethnic minorities, these interests are able to restrict the system, value and organization of the country to achieve the goal of the group, which is the root of the "national problem" widely existing in the world.
In dealing with the "national problem", we insist on the national system, the value, the organization and the integration of the ethnic group, the construction of a single nation and the effective prevention of the ethnic group, which often maintains the unity, stability and prosperity of the state, and the state system, value, and organizational construction succumb to the ethnic tendency of ethnic groups. The powerful forces have become the motive force to further promote the evolution of ethnic groups to the nation. As the goal of the nation is to establish a country, the outcome of these countries is often divided by ethnic diversity and the disintegration of the state.
And some countries can better deal with ethnic minority problems, which is mainly because they always stand on the position of national construction in the process of dealing with ethnic groups, and take the national system value, system and organization to command the national construction, and have a clear judgment and response to the ethnic attributes and ethnic interests. All kinds of factors that may lead to ethnicity of ethnic groups are prevented and resolved.
China is a country with many ethnic groups. Before the establishment of modern national community, China had formed a community of super ethnic groups similar to the modern national community. After the construction of modern national construction in China, it became a self-conscious Chinese community. With the influence of double factors and external factors, the relationship between ethnic groups in China once had a crisis, and the ethnic groups of some Chinese ethnic groups appeared to be nationalized, causing a serious threat to the social unity and national unity of China. The establishment of the new China made the construction of the modern state of China on the right track, and the establishment of the Chinese nation was eliminated by the external factors. The influence has prevented the further deterioration of the relationship between ethnic groups in China, but the excessive use of the Soviet model in dealing with ethnic groups has also caused some problems. In the future, China needs to take various measures to further strengthen China's national construction, alleviate ethnic contradiction and conflict, and truly realize the pluralistic ethnic groups in the process of continuing the construction of modern state. The harmonious coexistence of the group and the single nation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：C95

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