本文選題：土司　切入點：演變　出處：《青海民族研究》2017年02期

【摘要】："土司"一詞究竟如何界定,學(xué)界至今仍然是眾說紛紜,見仁見智,但將"土司"一詞在明、清兩朝的演變細細梳理一番,則"土司"一詞在不同時期的所指亦有脈絡(luò)可尋。嘉靖時期"土司"一詞剛剛從"土官"一詞中衍生出來,使用次數(shù)很少,是明朝以來民間對于兵部或吏部所管轄的宣慰司、宣撫司、安撫司、招討司、長官司等土官機構(gòu)或首領(lǐng)約定俗成的泛稱。萬歷至明末,"土司"一詞開始普及,其所指與嘉靖年間大體相當(dāng),但也有個別例外。清朝以來,"土司"一詞普遍泛化,往往與"土官"一詞混用。無論是文職土官,還是武職土官,亦或藏族、維吾爾族部落首領(lǐng)均可稱為"土司"。由此導(dǎo)致在《大清會典》中,吏部既管轄文職土官,也管轄文職土司;同樣兵部既管轄武職土官,也管轄武職土司。清代"土官"、"土司"兩詞雖可混用,但吏部與兵部的管轄職責(zé)卻是清晰的。
[Abstract]:The word "toast" how to define, the academia is still Different people, different views. but will, Public opinions are divergent., "toast" in the Ming and Qing two dynasties evolution carefully combed a "toast" word in different period refers also to trace. During the Jiajing period "chieftain" is a word just derived from the "soil," one word, using a small number, is the Ming Dynasty folk for the Hyobu or official department under the jurisdiction of the agency, Xuan Fusi, Fusi, bandit suppression Commission, chief officer or chief of conventional soil mechanism general. At the end of Ming Dynasty Wanli, "toast" word began to spread, the refers to the Jiajing period roughly, but there are a few exceptions. Since the Qing Dynasty, the word "toast" universal generalization, often with "tuguan" mix. Both civilian or military officer officer soil, soil, or Tibetan, Uygur tribal leaders are referred to as "toast" resulting in. < > Qing code, the Ministry of personnel Both the jurisdiction of civilian tuguan, also under the jurisdiction of the same department is under the jurisdiction of civilian chieftain; military officer is under the jurisdiction of uniformed soil, toast. The Qing Dynasty "tuguan", "toast" two words can be used, but the official department and the jurisdiction of the duty is clear.

【作者單位】： 蘭州大學(xué);
【基金】：“蘭州大學(xué)2015年度中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費專項資金項目”(批準(zhǔn)號:15LZUJBWZY033)的階段性成果
【分類號】：H134;K28
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本文編號：1697603