本文關(guān)鍵詞：政治生態(tài)學(xué)視野中的黃河河源生態(tài)意象和紛爭(zhēng)　出處：《中央民族大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：以政治生態(tài)學(xué)視野來(lái)關(guān)注當(dāng)今環(huán)境問(wèn)題,正在逐漸成為西方人類學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的一大趨勢(shì)。本文試圖通過(guò)該理論來(lái)研究中國(guó)個(gè)案,關(guān)注自2004年起被不同聲音包圍著的三江源退牧還草與生態(tài)移民項(xiàng)目。筆者以黃河源頭藏區(qū)草原為研究對(duì)象,重點(diǎn)分析環(huán)保事件背后的文化投射、政治權(quán)力及生態(tài)話語(yǔ)張力等內(nèi)容,力求呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)真實(shí)的環(huán)保事件。 本文的中心問(wèn)題是針對(duì)目前三江源草原被破壞的現(xiàn)狀,該研究嘗試回答黃河源頭轟轟烈烈的退牧還草與生態(tài)移民項(xiàng)目究竟執(zhí)行的如何,環(huán)保項(xiàng)目設(shè)立的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和目的是什么,探尋牧民究竟是草原天然的守護(hù)者,還是草原退化的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?本文主要運(yùn)用政治生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域三種互為對(duì)應(yīng)并補(bǔ)充的理論視角。其一為“社會(huì)建構(gòu)論”,筆者試圖構(gòu)建黃河源環(huán)境保護(hù)項(xiàng)目中不同群體的差異視角,而這些不同視角所展示的正是不同文化背景與知識(shí)體系的反映。其二是“政治權(quán)力角逐與資源分配”視角,我們看到黃河源頭環(huán)保事件并非簡(jiǎn)單的生態(tài)事件,而是政治權(quán)力和話語(yǔ)夾雜其中。牧民在選擇與調(diào)適過(guò)程中靠“弱者的武器”達(dá)到表達(dá)自我立場(chǎng)的目的,國(guó)家話語(yǔ)與地方話語(yǔ)之間存在著分歧、爭(zhēng)執(zhí),相互的借取、援引,呈現(xiàn)了一幅復(fù)雜的生態(tài)政治圖景。其三是后現(xiàn)代、后殖民“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)在當(dāng)下的嶄新解讀,牧民在“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)的影響與教導(dǎo)下,已經(jīng)與市場(chǎng)化、資本流通等概念掛鉤,草原文化正在成為“混雜文化”。而主流社會(huì)推動(dòng)的“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)掩蓋了黃河源頭環(huán)保項(xiàng)目的本質(zhì)。那么,政府大幅度推行環(huán)保的動(dòng)機(jī)究竟是為了源頭生態(tài)保護(hù)呢,還是要通過(guò)環(huán)保手段來(lái)達(dá)到維持黃河中下游經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的最終目的? 本文的基本資料來(lái)自4次共計(jì)7個(gè)月時(shí)間的田野調(diào)查,在參與觀察和文獻(xiàn)收集基礎(chǔ)上得以完成。 本文的第一章首先拋出國(guó)際輿論爭(zhēng)議,引出問(wèn)題,接著從三個(gè)方面梳理政治生態(tài)學(xué)理論,以及國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)于藏區(qū)草原變遷與生態(tài)移民研究綜述。在理論回顧和研究綜述基礎(chǔ)上,筆者提出本研究的獨(dú)特視角,即通過(guò)考察國(guó)家與地方兩層面對(duì)黃河源頭草原的不同認(rèn)識(shí),來(lái)挖掘不同文化背景與邏輯,并敏銳觀察到環(huán)保事件背后雙方群體之間的權(quán)力張力與復(fù)雜交鋒過(guò)程,“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)在其中起著不可忽視的作用。 第二、三章呈現(xiàn)了黃河的中華民族母親河地位是如何通過(guò)歷史流變得以確立。從古時(shí)善惡同體的河神形象到民國(guó)時(shí)期母親河形象的出現(xiàn),在該意義流變過(guò)程中,浴血奮戰(zhàn)的抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)奠定了黃河的偉大地位,自解放后這種地位不斷得以攀升。黃河中下游出現(xiàn)污染與干涸等環(huán)境問(wèn)題時(shí),政府采取了部分整治行動(dòng)；而當(dāng)黃河源頭斷流危機(jī)呈現(xiàn)時(shí),引起各界一片驚呼,呼吁中國(guó)政府盡快確立相應(yīng)政策以保護(hù)整條流域的水資源,此時(shí)三江源國(guó)家級(jí)保護(hù)區(qū)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生 第四、五、六章展現(xiàn)了果洛地區(qū)概括,包括歷史地理人文民俗等,并清晰呈現(xiàn)了幾十年歷史里黃河源頭草原如何完成了從“傳統(tǒng)”話語(yǔ)到“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)變。隨著唯經(jīng)濟(jì)論的強(qiáng)調(diào),二十世紀(jì)八十年代初計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的瑪多縣成為“全國(guó)首富”,這是真實(shí)事件還僅是一場(chǎng)迷思?隨后市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)更加強(qiáng)大的“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ),伴隨牲畜作價(jià)到戶和草場(chǎng)承包到戶,牧民已經(jīng)在市場(chǎng)體系下“被發(fā)展”、“被改造”,當(dāng)?shù)匦纬尚碌摹盎祀s文化”。 第七章揭示了“環(huán)�！痹捳Z(yǔ)如何在黃河源頭生態(tài)危機(jī)后產(chǎn)生。中國(guó)政府進(jìn)行了迄今為止投資力度最大的生態(tài)保護(hù)項(xiàng)目,其目的在于防止牧民“過(guò)牧”。筆者試圖探討分析該項(xiàng)目所依托的草原平衡理論范式,這種基于“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)的范式,表面看似是“保護(hù)環(huán)境”的策略,實(shí)則隱藏的是為黃河中下游帶來(lái)更多“發(fā)展”機(jī)遇的雄心與期望。 第八、九章展現(xiàn)了放下羊鞭進(jìn)入城鎮(zhèn)的牧民生活現(xiàn)狀和巨大的衣食住行變化。在遭遇一系列困難時(shí),當(dāng)?shù)厝饲擅畹赝ㄟ^(guò)“弱者的武器”和“隱藏的文本”來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)美好牧區(qū)生活的想象。移民村內(nèi)對(duì)移民項(xiàng)目的私地下抱怨、非正式的底層反抗在社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的隱匿下得以順利進(jìn)行,援引和利用官方話語(yǔ)來(lái)為自己爭(zhēng)取利益成為移民最常使用的生活策略。 第十章回應(yīng)了導(dǎo)論中提出的四大問(wèn)題,還原了一個(gè)真實(shí)的環(huán)保事件,筆者認(rèn)為將當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)和當(dāng)?shù)厝松畋举|(zhì)化的概念需要修正,而對(duì)于“發(fā)展”話語(yǔ)的反思更為必要,黃河源個(gè)案經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們,生態(tài)問(wèn)題其實(shí)是發(fā)展模式問(wèn)題,如果沒(méi)有對(duì)現(xiàn)代性和發(fā)展主義徹底地反省,最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致反面的后果。 總之,本文雖然以解構(gòu)主義角度分析復(fù)雜的環(huán)保事件,但目的不是要否定政府實(shí)施退牧還草與生態(tài)移民項(xiàng)目的努力與意義,而是希望更深層次地挖掘可以滋養(yǎng)環(huán)境論述的文化土壤,透過(guò)復(fù)雜生態(tài)話語(yǔ)折射出來(lái)的各方姿態(tài),提醒我們尋找國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)實(shí)背景下應(yīng)對(duì)復(fù)雜環(huán)保事件的適當(dāng)方式和策略,促進(jìn)不同群體之間的理解與交流。
[Abstract]:In the view of political ecology to pay attention to today's environmental problems, is gradually become a major trend in the research field of western anthropology. This paper tries to analyze the theory to study the Chinese case, attention since 2004 by different surrounded by the sound of Sanjiang source of pasture and ecological migration project. According to the source of the the Yellow River Tibetan Grassland as the research object, the key the analysis of cultural events behind the environmental protection project, political power and Ecological Discourse tension etc., tries to present a real environmental events.
This paper is according to the current situation of Sanjiang source of grassland is destroyed, the study attempts to answer back the source of the Yellow River animal husbandry is grass and ecological migrants with vigour and vitality of the project is executed, what is the starting point of the establishment of environmental protection projects and to explore what is the natural grassland herdsmen guardian, or grassland degradation arch-criminal.
This paper mainly uses three kinds of political ecology theory and the corresponding mutual supplement. The "social constructivism", the author tries to construct the different view of different groups of the Yellow River source environmental protection projects, and these different perspectives on display reflects different cultural background and knowledge system. The second is "political power competition and resource allocation perspective, we see the source of the Yellow River environmental protection ecological event event is not simple, but the political power and discourse with them. And by" weapons of the weak "in the selection and adjustment process to achieve the purpose of self expression position, there are differences between national discourse and local discourse conflict, mutual borrowing. Quotes, presents a picture of ecological political complex. The third is the post-modern, post colonial discourse" development "in the current new interpretation of herdsmen in" development "words. Response and guidance, and has the market, capital circulation concept linked, grassland culture is becoming a "mixed culture". While the mainstream society to promote the "development" discourse covers the source of the Yellow River environmental protection project of the nature. So the government greatly promoting environmental protection motivation what is the source of ecological protection, or through environmental protection means to achieve the ultimate goal of downstream to maintain economic development in the Yellow River?
The basic information of this paper comes from 4 field surveys in a total of 7 months, which is completed on the basis of participation in observation and literature collection.
The first chapter of this article first throws international public controversy, leads to the problem, then from the three aspects of political ecology theory, as well as domestic and foreign scholars research on Tibetan Grassland and ecological migration changes. In theory and on the basis of research, the author puts forward the unique perspective of this research, namely, through the investigation of national and local two in different understanding the source of the Yellow River grassland, to explore the different cultural background and logic, power tension and complex confrontation process and keen observation to environmental events between the groups behind both sides, "development" discourse plays a role can not be ignored.
The second, third chapter presents the status of the Yellow River Chinese mother river to be established through history. Since ancient times are good and evil god image to image of the mother river of the Republic of China, in the sense of process, the bloody war laid a great position in the Yellow River, since this position continues to rise after the liberation of the Yellow River. Lower pollution and dry and other environmental problems, the government has taken some action; and when the source of the the Yellow River crisis has aroused devascularization, exclaimed, called for China government as soon as possible to establish the corresponding policies to protect the whole basin water resources, the Sanjiang source of national protection zone came into being
Fourth, fifth, the six chapter shows the Guoluo Region summary, including the history of geographical and cultural customs, and clearly show the history of several decades in the source of the Yellow River grassland how to complete from the "traditional" Discourse "to change the development of discourse". As the only economic theory that, at the beginning of 1980s under the planned economic system become the richest man in Maduo County "this is a real story is only a myth? Then the market economy brings more powerful" development "discourse, with the price to farmers and livestock herders pasture contract households, has been in the market under the system of" development "," transformation ", the local formation of a new" hybrid culture ".
The seventh chapter reveals the "green" discourse on how to produce the source of the Yellow River ecological crisis. The government was China ecological protection project by far the largest investment, its purpose is to prevent "herdsmen over grazing". The author tries to explore the balance of Grassland Projects by relying on the theory of paradigm, which is based on "development of discourse" paradigm seemingly, "protect the environment" strategy, is actually hidden ambition and hope to bring more development opportunities for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
The eighth, ninth chapter shows the status of herdsmen living down sheep whip into town and great changes. In the basic necessities of life suffered a series of difficulties, the local people to express the life of traditional beautiful pastoral imagination skillfully through the "weapons of the weak" and "hidden text". The village resettlement project of immigrant informal private underground complain. The bottom resistance can be carried out smoothly in the hidden social network, and the use of official quoted words to fight for the interests of immigrants become the most commonly used life strategies for themselves.
The tenth chapter responded to the four problems presented in the introduction, to restore a true environmental events, the author believes that the concept of local ecology and the nature of the life of the local people need to be corrected, and Reflection on "development" discourse is more necessary, experience the Yellow River source told us case, the ecological problem is the development mode. If there is no doctrine of modern development and thorough reflection, will eventually lead to negative consequences.
In short, although the analysis of complex environmental incidents in the perspective of deconstruction, but the purpose is not to deny the government implementation of pasture and ecological resettlement project efforts and significance, but to dig deeper can nourish the environment of culture, through all complex ecological discourse reflects the attitude, remind us of finding appropriate ways and under the background of international and domestic realistic strategy to deal with complex environmental events, promoting the understanding and communication between different groups.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：X171;C912.4;D632.4

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