本文關(guān)鍵詞：麗江古城形成發(fā)展與納西族文化變遷　出處：《中央民族大學(xué)》2007年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 麗江古城 世界文化遺產(chǎn) 城市建筑 納西文化 和而不同

【摘要】： 麗江古城是聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織確認(rèn)的“世界文化遺產(chǎn)”和國(guó)務(wù)院公布的“中國(guó)歷史文化名城”之一，它具有獨(dú)特的山城之容和水城之貌，又蘊(yùn)含了濃厚的納西族獨(dú)特的“和而不同”文化特征，正是因?yàn)檫@一特征，才吸引了四面八方的中外游客源源不斷地來(lái)細(xì)細(xì)品味麗江古城的魅力。本文通過(guò)對(duì)云南麗江古城的起源形成及發(fā)展的過(guò)程探討，運(yùn)用民族史和民族志的方法，深入研究麗江古城的建筑文化在不同時(shí)代所反映出的納西族的“和而不同”的文化特征，以及文化特征的變化。文章共分為八個(gè)部分： 緒論。主要論述選題的理論意義和實(shí)踐意義、學(xué)術(shù)界在該領(lǐng)域的研究狀況以及本論文的研究方案、方法和創(chuàng)新之處等。 第一章：麗江納西族人居環(huán)境的基本情況。主要內(nèi)容為孕育麗江古城生成的自然環(huán)境與人文環(huán)境具有“和而不同”的文化特點(diǎn)。在麗江壩子中，舊石器時(shí)代就發(fā)現(xiàn)有人類活動(dòng)的遺跡，從舊石器時(shí)代到秦以前，無(wú)論從考古發(fā)現(xiàn)、漢文文獻(xiàn)還是東巴經(jīng)典中都記錄了納西族先民活動(dòng)的軌跡，為研究麗江古城的誕生以及納西族的起源提供了“和而不同”文化特征的背景。 第二章：胚胎時(shí)期的麗江古城與納西族文化形成。主要內(nèi)容為，納西族先民雖然長(zhǎng)期處于“依山附險(xiǎn)，酋寨星列，不相統(tǒng)攝”的松散狀態(tài)，但逐漸形成了一定數(shù)量的早期自然聚落。唐代，在麗江玉龍雪山山麓，出現(xiàn)了納西族的宗教廟宇以及納西民族獨(dú)特的保護(hù)神。元代，納西族先民的一支部落抓住機(jī)遇把分散的部落統(tǒng)一成為在滇西北占有一席之地的民族。與此同時(shí)，東巴教以及東巴象形圖畫文字也逐步出現(xiàn)，由于納西族先民處于游動(dòng)而分散的狀態(tài)，很自然地吸收了中華民族大家庭其他成員的文化，納西族文化“和而不同”的特點(diǎn)開始出現(xiàn)。這可以從宗教建筑及民居建筑所體現(xiàn)出的文化特點(diǎn)得到印證。 第三章：明代古城面貌形成與木氏土司文化。主要內(nèi)容為，明代古城開挖西河，興建木氏土司的宮廷式官坻建筑群確定了麗江古城的基本格局，其建筑文化以木氏土司府為代表；宗教文化藝術(shù)以白沙的宗教建筑為代表。木氏土司府的建筑特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為以納西東巴文化為本，外來(lái)漢文化為體的納西土司文化，，體出了“和而不同”的建筑特點(diǎn)。從白沙宗教建筑和壁畫所反映的內(nèi)容上看，在精神文化和藝術(shù)文化方面，同樣體現(xiàn)了“和而不同”的特點(diǎn)。民間文化是由外來(lái)的移民和本地的土著居民共創(chuàng)的，以民居文化為代表，其特點(diǎn)為多元文化共存。 第四章：清初改土歸流與古城民間文化發(fā)展。主要內(nèi)容為，清代麗江地區(qū)改土歸流，在麗江古城東面興建流官府，其中包括府衙、縣衙、雪山書院、文廟、武廟(關(guān)帝廟)、城隍廟、東岳廟和玄天閣等等一系列建筑。為解決城內(nèi)軍民的生活用水等問(wèn)題，開挖東河，使古城城區(qū)范圍較大幅度地向東拓展，并最終確定下來(lái)保留至今。由于流官推行的文化對(duì)納西族文化產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響，不僅影響到城市建筑，而且也影響到納西民間生活，重要的是學(xué)官下移到民間。宗教文化方面，在麗江古城周邊建立了藏傳宗教寺廟，其文化特點(diǎn)為藏文化納西化，而在古城內(nèi)的建筑特點(diǎn)為漢文化納西化，推動(dòng)著納西族建筑文化的繼續(xù)發(fā)展。 第五章：近代古城商業(yè)及建筑文化的繁榮。主要內(nèi)容為，清代咸豐、同治年間的戰(zhàn)亂以后，古城幾乎毀于一旦。此后，由于茶馬古道的興起與麗江“工合”運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展，使得麗江古城成為滇西北的經(jīng)濟(jì)重鎮(zhèn)，四方街成為各方交易市場(chǎng)的中心，古城的街道成為商街，形成了納西商聚居區(qū)、藏商聚居區(qū)、白商聚居區(qū)、漢商聚居區(qū)等不同商街。上述民族的商業(yè)文化薈萃在一起，取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，推動(dòng)麗江古城的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，并帶動(dòng)了城市建筑的發(fā)展，形成了以納西族建筑風(fēng)格為主導(dǎo)，多種藝術(shù)風(fēng)格兼收并蓄，交相輝映的建筑文化景觀。不同類型的民居建筑也是如此。民居建筑折射出人與自然和諧相處，人與人和諧相處的豐富內(nèi)涵。 第六章：走向世界的麗江古城納西文化。主要內(nèi)容為，中華人民共和國(guó)成立后，麗江古城得到了完整的保存。但1996年卻遭受到大地震的破壞，尤其是民居建筑。地震后，麗江古城在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，以“修舊如舊”的原則，重現(xiàn)了古城的原貌，還成功地申報(bào)為世界文化遺產(chǎn)，由此獲得了巨大的商機(jī)，同時(shí)，也給麗江古城的自然環(huán)境和人文環(huán)境帶來(lái)了一些變化。在全球化背景下，納西族以開放的心態(tài)和強(qiáng)大的民族自信心抓住機(jī)遇，一方面動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)揚(yáng)本民族文化，另一方面積極吸收外來(lái)文化，使麗江古城不僅散發(fā)著古樸的氣息，同時(shí)也散發(fā)著現(xiàn)代的氣息，這也是“和而不同”文化特點(diǎn)的具體表現(xiàn)。正因如此，麗江古城才更有魅力吸引中國(guó)仍至世界各地的目光。 結(jié)語(yǔ)。本文通過(guò)對(duì)麗江古城形成發(fā)展與納西族文化變遷的分析研究，探討地方民族文化與現(xiàn)代化共生、共存，以達(dá)到弘揚(yáng)民族優(yōu)秀文化，繁榮中華民族“和而不同”文化的目的。
[Abstract]:Old Town of Lijiang is a UNESCO "world cultural heritage" and the State Council released the "Chinese historical and cultural city, it has a unique mountain city and Shuicheng appearance, but also contains a strong Naxi unique cultural characteristics of" harmony but not Sameness ", it is because of this feature, it has attracted from all sides the Chinese and foreign tourists Everfount to savor the charm of Old Town of Lijiang. This paper discusses the formation and development of the origin of the Old Town of Lijiang of Yunnan, using the method of history and ethnography, in-depth study of the construction of the Old Town of Lijiang culture in different times reflect the Naxi" harmony but not Sameness "cultural characteristics, cultural characteristics and changes. The article is divided into eight parts:
The introduction mainly discusses the theoretical and practical significance of the topic, the research status of the academic field in this field and the research scheme, method and innovation of this paper.
The first chapter: the basic situation of Lijiang Naxi living environment. The main content is pregnant with Old Town of Lijiang production of natural environment and humanistic environment with cultural characteristics of "harmony but not Sameness". In the Lijiang basin, the Paleolithic found remains of human activity, from the Paleolithic age to Qin Dynasty, found that in terms of archaeology, Chinese literature or Dongba classic are recorded in Naxi Nationality Ancestors trajectory, provides the background of the cultural characteristic of "harmony but not Sameness" of the birth of the Old Town of Lijiang and the origin of Naxi nationality.
The second chapter: the embryonic period of Old Town of Lijiang and the formation of the Naxi nationality culture. The main content is that although the ancestors of the Naxi long in the mountain full of danger, Qiu Zhai Xing, a loose state not leading, but gradually formed a natural settlement. The number of early Tang Dynasty, Li Jiangyu in the Dragon Snow Mountain, the Naxi the religious temples and Naxi nationality unique protection of God. The Yuan Dynasty, a tribe of Naxi ancestors of the tribe dispersed to seize the opportunity to occupy a space for one person to become in the northwest of Yunnan Nationalities. At the same time, the Dongba Dongba pictograph painting and writing is also gradually appear, because the ancestors of the Naxi in swimming and dispersed state, naturally the absorption of other members of the family of the Chinese nation culture, the characteristics of Naxi culture, "harmony but not Sameness" began to appear. This can be reflected from the religious buildings and architectural culture The characteristics are confirmed.
The third chapter: the ancient city of Ming Dynasty landscape formation and chieftain Mu culture. The main content is that the ancient city of Ming Dynasty River excavation, construction chieftain Mu palace official buildings to determine the basic pattern of islet of Old Town of Lijiang, the architectural culture with the chieftains Mu palace as the representative of religious culture; religious art in Baisha building as the representative. Architectural features chieftain Mu palace is characterized by Naxi Dongba culture, Han culture for the body of the Naxi Tusi culture, embody the "architectural characteristics. As reflected in the harmony but not Sameness" Baisha murals of religious buildings and contents, in the spirit of culture and art culture, also reflects the characteristics of "harmony but not Sameness". A folk culture is a composed of immigrants and local aborigines, with residential culture as the representative of the characteristics of multicultural coexistence.
The fourth chapter: the early Qing Dynasty chieftain and ancient folk culture development. The main content is that the Lijiang area in the Qing Dynasty chieftain, built in the government flow east of Old Town of Lijiang, including the government, county government, snow academy, Confucious'temple, Temple (Guan Yu Temple), Town God's Temple Dongyue Temple and Xuan Tian Ge and so on a series of buildings. To solve the problem of drinking water for military and civilian city excavation of the East River, the ancient city of the city greatly broadened eastwards, has remained until now. Because of the flow of official culture have had a profound impact on Naxi culture, not only affects the city construction, but also affect the Naxi folk life, it is important to the government down to the folk religious culture. Around the Old Town of Lijiang, Tibetan Buddhism temples were established, the cultural characteristics of Tibetan culture of Naxi, and architectural features in the ancient city of the Han culture, westernization, promote the construction of Naxi Nationality The continuous development of the construction of culture.
The fifth chapter: the modern city commercial building and cultural prosperity. The main content is that the Qing Dynasty Xianfeng, Tongzhi years after the war, the city almost be destroyed on one day. Since then, due to the development of Lijiang and the rise of "tea horse road ICM, making Old Town of Lijiang become the economic center of the northwest of Yunnan Province, square street to become parties to the trade market center the streets of the ancient city, become a commercial street, forming a business of Naxi ghettos, taking Tibetan inhabited areas, the white business community, business in different areas. The National Commercial Street commercial cultures together, learn from each other, to promote the economic prosperity of the Old Town of Lijiang, and led to the development of city construction, formed by the Naxi architecture a variety of artistic style, style eclectic, architectural and cultural landscape. Each other is so different types of residential buildings. Residential architecture reflects the harmony between man and nature, man and man and The rich connotations of harmonious coexistence.
The sixth chapter: to the world of the Old Town of Lijiang Naxi culture. The main content is that after the establishment of People's Republic of China, the Old Town of Lijiang has been completely preserved. But in 1996 was greatly damaged in the earthquake, especially residential buildings. After the earthquake, the Old Town of Lijiang in the shortest possible time, in order to "repair old as the old" principle, to reproduce the ancient city the original, also succeeded in the declaration of the world cultural heritage, thus obtained the huge business opportunities, but also to the Old Town of Lijiang at the same time, the natural environment and human environment has brought some changes. Under the background of globalization, the Naxi people to open mind and strong national self-confidence to seize the opportunity, on the one hand dynamic carry forward the national culture, on the other on the one hand and actively absorb foreign culture, so Old Town of Lijiang exudes elegant atmosphere, but also exudes a modern atmosphere, this is the concrete manifestation of "harmony but not Sameness" cultural characteristics. For this reason, Old Town of Lijiang is more attractive to attract China's eyes all over the world.
Conclusion: through the analysis and research of the formation and development of the Old Town of Lijiang and the change of Naxi culture, this paper discusses the symbiosis and coexistence of the local national culture and modernization, so as to achieve the goal of developing the national excellent culture and flourishing the "harmonious but different" culture of the Chinese nation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K285.7

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