本文關(guān)鍵詞：西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用分區(qū)及其匹配特征研究　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院（教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心）》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源 干濕氣候 分區(qū)指標(biāo) 匹配 西北旱區(qū)

【摘要】：水土資源是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的核心資源，也是糧食生產(chǎn)的戰(zhàn)略資源,其態(tài)勢(shì)關(guān)系到我國(guó)糧食生產(chǎn)的安全性和穩(wěn)定性。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)由人口增長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來(lái)的水土資源需求與其本身的稀缺性、有限性之間的矛盾越來(lái)越大，使得水土資源管理成為全世界關(guān)注的對(duì)象和焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，尤其對(duì)于水土資源利用問(wèn)題較為嚴(yán)重的干旱地區(qū)更是受到國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的普遍重視。西北地區(qū)地域遼闊，光熱土資源豐富，是中國(guó)重要的糧食生產(chǎn)后備基地。但該區(qū)地形復(fù)雜，地貌類型多樣，沙漠、丘陵、平原、山地等多種類型并存，區(qū)域間自然地理分異明顯，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平差異較大。在這種情況下，認(rèn)識(shí)西北旱區(qū)的自然地理分異特征及農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用現(xiàn)狀，成為實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源高效可持續(xù)利用的重要前提和基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)于制定合理的水土資源管理措施和規(guī)劃方案具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。 本研究以充分利用現(xiàn)有資料和技術(shù)為支撐條件，通過(guò)結(jié)合地理學(xué)、氣候?qū)W、農(nóng)學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)等相關(guān)理論和方法，并綜合運(yùn)用調(diào)查研究、定性分析與定量研究相結(jié)合以及理論分析與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合等方法，分析西北旱區(qū)的干濕氣候特征及農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源的利用現(xiàn)狀，在進(jìn)行西北旱區(qū)地理范圍重新界定的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用狀況進(jìn)行分區(qū)，識(shí)別不同區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用的特征、方向，確立西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用的分區(qū)方案；同時(shí)，建立能夠反映區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源豐缺程度和匹配特征的計(jì)算評(píng)價(jià)方法，分析西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源的匹配狀況，探討實(shí)現(xiàn)不同分區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源有效匹配的途徑和措施，從而為農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源管理方案和高效利用模式的制定提供理論基礎(chǔ)。主要的研究?jī)?nèi)容及結(jié)論如下： （1）對(duì)西北旱區(qū)的地理范圍進(jìn)行了重新界定。 基于以往西北旱區(qū)地理范圍研究中的缺陷問(wèn)題，以近30年（1981-2010）氣象觀測(cè)資料為基礎(chǔ)，通過(guò)選取降水量、蒸發(fā)量、相對(duì)濕度、降水變率等多個(gè)變量在內(nèi)的干濕氣候區(qū)劃因子，運(yùn)用因子聚類法從統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)角度對(duì)西北干濕氣候特征進(jìn)行研究。并基于對(duì)旱區(qū)概念及其基本類型的認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)西北旱區(qū)地理范圍進(jìn)行了界定，同時(shí)將其與傳統(tǒng)分類方法進(jìn)行對(duì)比，分析二者之間的區(qū)別及其原因所在。結(jié)果顯示：主要的地形地貌成為不同干濕氣候類型區(qū)間的重要分界標(biāo)志；因子聚類法能較好反映區(qū)域的干濕氣候特征，有效識(shí)別地形地貌等在區(qū)域干濕氣候區(qū)劃中的作用。研究認(rèn)為旱區(qū)是指以氣候干旱為基本特征的資源型缺水地區(qū)，包括了干旱、半干旱和半濕潤(rùn)易旱區(qū)三種干濕氣候類型。西北旱區(qū)的范圍包括了新疆、青海、甘肅和寧夏四省的全部，陜西關(guān)中平原與陜北高原及內(nèi)蒙古錫林郭勒盟以西地區(qū)，總面積為3.69106km2，占全國(guó)國(guó)土面積的38.4%。 （2）建立了農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用分區(qū)的指標(biāo)框架結(jié)構(gòu)。 以農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用分區(qū)的基本理論內(nèi)涵為基礎(chǔ)，考慮農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源供、用、耗、需等特點(diǎn)，將供需理論與DPSIR（Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response）模型相結(jié)合，建立了以供給能力、需求水平、開(kāi)發(fā)利用條件、利用現(xiàn)狀和限制因子五種要素特征為基本層次的指標(biāo)框架結(jié)構(gòu)，并以內(nèi)蒙古巴彥淖爾為例對(duì)該指標(biāo)框架的合理性進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證和分析。結(jié)果表明：受黃河引水、取水條件和陰山山脈的影響，巴彥淖爾市農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用由西向東、由南向北呈現(xiàn)明顯的區(qū)域差異特征，區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用方式、方向的差異與水資源的供給條件有密切聯(lián)系。通過(guò)調(diào)查和分析，結(jié)合巴彥淖爾市的實(shí)際情況，表明所建立的分區(qū)指標(biāo)體系是合理的，該指標(biāo)框架能夠指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用分區(qū)指標(biāo)體系的建立和分區(qū)特征的識(shí)別。 （3）識(shí)別了西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用的分區(qū)特征。 基于所建立的分區(qū)指標(biāo)框架，考慮指標(biāo)篩選的基本原則，以市級(jí)（區(qū)）為基本單元，確定各分區(qū)指標(biāo)的數(shù)值。采用主成分分析與系統(tǒng)聚類相結(jié)合的方法，建立農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用的分區(qū)方案，結(jié)合實(shí)地調(diào)查和綜合研究，對(duì)分區(qū)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析和比較，研究各分區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用的特征及規(guī)律性。 結(jié)果顯示西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用主要表現(xiàn)為四種類型的分區(qū)特征：以農(nóng)為主的灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)、農(nóng)牧結(jié)合的旱作農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)、不具備農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)的工礦區(qū)以及以林牧業(yè)為主農(nóng)、林、牧兼營(yíng)的高山、丘陵溝壑區(qū)。各分區(qū)指標(biāo)與綜合分區(qū)因子之間的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果表明，耕地灌溉率和單位耕地面積化肥用量?jī)蓚�(gè)影響因子在區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用中發(fā)揮著重要作用。其中在水資源供給條件相對(duì)優(yōu)越的情況下，區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源的利用向灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)和林果業(yè)方向發(fā)展；在水資源短缺的情況下則形成了旱作農(nóng)業(yè)的耕作方式，以及以工礦業(yè)代替農(nóng)業(yè)主要地位的區(qū)域生產(chǎn)發(fā)展類型。單位耕地面積化肥用量在55kg/畝時(shí)，農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源的綜合產(chǎn)出水平最高。綜合結(jié)果表明水肥管理是提高西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源綜合產(chǎn)出水平的關(guān)鍵和重要途徑。 分區(qū)結(jié)果也顯示，灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)主要集中在水資源供給充足且土地肥沃的盆地、平原地區(qū)，而對(duì)于高山、丘陵、溝壑峽谷等地形導(dǎo)致的耕地資源匱乏區(qū)，則形成了以林果業(yè)為特色的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)類型；水資源缺乏情況下，宜農(nóng)的地區(qū)形成了旱作生產(chǎn)的耕作方式，而土地貧瘠但礦產(chǎn)資源豐富的地區(qū)，在比較優(yōu)勢(shì)影響下，則形成了以工礦業(yè)為主的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特征。表明農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用類型、方向與土地資源的肥沃程度關(guān)系密切。表明區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì)、資源優(yōu)勢(shì)以及自然地域的分異在農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用中發(fā)揮著重要作用，引導(dǎo)著水土資源向不同的方向發(fā)展。 （4）建立了農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配和資源短缺評(píng)價(jià)的方法，，分析了西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源空間匹配的特征，探討了實(shí)現(xiàn)不同分區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源有效匹配的措施和途徑。 從廣義農(nóng)業(yè)水資源角度出發(fā)，對(duì)西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源的空間匹配特征以及藍(lán)、綠水資源與農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配指數(shù)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析，并結(jié)合資源當(dāng)量系數(shù)，建立了衡量農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源豐缺程度的評(píng)價(jià)方法。結(jié)果表明：西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配指數(shù)較高的地區(qū)主要分布在氣候極為干旱的灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，而較低的地區(qū)主要分布在以雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)或牧草業(yè)為主的旱作區(qū)，且藍(lán)、綠水之間比例越大的地區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配指數(shù)越高。其中藍(lán)水資源量與農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配指數(shù)成正相關(guān)的線性關(guān)系；綠水資源在350mm左右時(shí)，農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配指數(shù)最低。 以旱作農(nóng)業(yè)為主的半干旱氣候區(qū)，以及降水資源較為豐富的半濕潤(rùn)易旱區(qū)或高山融水資源相對(duì)充足地區(qū)均表現(xiàn)為耕地資源的嚴(yán)重短缺狀態(tài)；而以極干旱和干旱氣候類型為主的地區(qū)，不僅農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源匹配指數(shù)較高，農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源當(dāng)量系數(shù)也基本在1.5以上，形成了嚴(yán)重的水資源短缺區(qū)。結(jié)果表明了西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源處于極不平衡的狀態(tài)，水資源的形成區(qū)與消耗區(qū)在空間上存在嚴(yán)重的分離現(xiàn)象。以此為基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源利用的分區(qū)特征，探討了實(shí)現(xiàn)不同類型區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水土資源有效匹配的途徑和措施。
[Abstract]:Water resource is the core resource of agricultural production, but also the strategic resources of grain production, the situation is related to China's grain production safety and stability. In recent years, the scarcity of water resources demand in China caused by population growth and economic development and the contradiction between the limited nature, more and more big, the water and soil resources management has become the object of concern throughout the world and the focus of the problem, especially in arid areas for the use of the more serious problems of water and soil resources is paid attention to by the scholars at home and abroad. The northwest region is vast, light land rich in resources, is an important grain production base China reserve. But the area of complex terrain, landform types, desert. The hills, plains, mountains and other types, regional natural geographical difference, the difference of economic and social development level. In this case, the natural understanding of western North arid region The characteristics of differentiation and the utilization of agricultural water and soil resources have become an important prerequisite and foundation for achieving efficient and sustainable utilization of agricultural soil and water resources. It has important guiding significance for formulating reasonable management measures and planning schemes for water and soil resources.
In this study, in order to make full use of existing information and technology to support conditions, through the combination of geography, climatology, agriculture, ecology and statistics and other relevant theories and methods, research and comprehensive use of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis and practice of a combination of methods, the analysis of the present condition and characteristics of dry wet climate in Northwest Arid Region Agricultural Soil and water resources, based on geography in northwest arid region to re define the scope on the partition of the utilization of agricultural soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China, characteristics of agricultural soil and water resources in different regions to identify the direction, establish the partition scheme of soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China agricultural utilization; at the same time, the establishment of the evaluation method can reflect the regional abundance of agricultural soil and water resources the lack of the degree and feature matching, analysis, status of soil and water resources in northwest arid region of agriculture, to achieve different agricultural zoning The effective matching ways and measures of soil and water resources will provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of agricultural soil and water resources management plan and efficient utilization mode.
(1) the geographical scope of the northwest dryland is redefined.
The defects in the study of the geographical area in Northwest Arid Region Based on the recent 30 years (1981-2010) meteorological data as the basis, through the selection of precipitation, evaporation, relative humidity, precipitation variability and other variables, the dry and wet climate zoning factor, using the factor clustering method from the perspective of statistics on the northwest dry and wet climate features were studied. Based on the understanding of the concept and basic types of arid regions, defines the northwest arid region geographic range, and compares it with traditional classification method, the difference and the reasons between two were analyzed. The results show that the main landform has become an important boundary between different types of dry and wet climate region; factor cluster method can reflect the regional characteristics of dry and wet climate, topography and other effective recognition in the wet climate division in the region of arid regions. That refers to the dry climate as the base The characteristics of the water resources shortage area, including the arid, semi-arid and semi humid and arid regions of three kinds of dry and wet climate types. The scope of the northwest arid region including Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia four provinces, Shaanxi and the Northern Shaanxi plateau, Guanzhong Plain and Inner Mongolia west of Xilinguole Meng in the area, the total area of 3.69106km2, the country's total land area 38.4%.
(2) the index frame structure of the utilization of agricultural water and soil resources is established.
Based on the basic theory of the connotation of partition of the utilization of agricultural soil and water resources as the foundation, considering the agricultural soil and water resources supply, use, consumption, demand characteristics, supply and demand theory and DPSIR (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) model is established based on the combination of supply capacity, the level of demand, the conditions of exploitation and utilization, utilization situation and restriction factor of five kinds of elements as the index the frame structure of basic level, and taking Inner Mongolia Bayannaoer as an example of the rationality of the index framework was verified and analyzed. The results showed that: the Yellow River water diversion, water conditions and effects of Yinshan Mountain, from west to East, utilization of agricultural soil and water resources in Bayannaoer City, from south to North showed significant regional differences characteristics of agricultural soil and water resources the area is closely related to the difference of the direction and water supply conditions. Through the investigation and analysis, combining the actual situation of Bayannaoer city table The index system of zoning established in Ming Dynasty is reasonable, and the index framework can guide the establishment of agricultural water and soil resources utilization area index system and the identification of regional characteristics.
(3) the regional characteristics of the utilization of agricultural soil and water resources in the arid areas of Northwest China are identified.
The partition index framework based on the basic principles, consider screening indicators, to the municipal (District) as the basic unit, determine the numerical index of each partition. Using the method of principal component analysis and system clustering combination, the establishment of zoning scheme of agricultural soil and water resources utilization, combined with field investigation and comprehensive study, analysis and comparison of the result of division, research the characteristics and laws of regional agricultural soil and water resources utilization.
The partition is mainly characterized by the four types of soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China agricultural utilization result: Agricultural Irrigation District Based on agriculture, agriculture and animal husbandry in dry farming areas, do not have the advantages of agricultural development in industrial and mining areas and agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry in animal husbandry forest, mountain, hilly and gully region. The correlation analysis between indicators each partition and partition factor comprehensive results show that arable land irrigation rate and fertilizer two factors play an important role in the area of agricultural soil and water resources development and utilization of water resources. The supply condition of the superior case, utilization of agricultural soil and water resources area to irrigated agriculture and forestry in the direction of development; the shortage of water resources under the condition of the formation of dry farming tillage, regional production development type and to the mining industry instead of agricultural main position. The unit of cultivated land area The comprehensive output level of agricultural soil and water resources is the highest when the amount of chemical fertilizer is 55kg/ mu. The comprehensive results show that water and fertilizer management is the key and important way to improve the comprehensive output level of agricultural soil and water resources in arid areas of Northwest China.
The partition results also show that the agricultural irrigation water resources are mainly concentrated in the supply of adequate and fertile basin, plain area, and for the mountains, hills, lack of farmland resources area gully valleys and other terrain caused by formation of the types of agricultural production to Horticulture characteristic; the shortage of water resources under the condition of appropriate farming area formation the production of dry farming, and barren land but rich in mineral resources in the region, comparative advantage is formed under the influence of the characteristics of regional economic development in the mining industry. The show type of utilization of agricultural soil and water resources, land resources and the fertile degree close relationship. That location advantage, resource advantage and natural environment differentiation in the development and utilization of agricultural water resources plays an important role in guiding development of the water and soil resources in different directions.
(4) establishment of the matching method of agricultural water and soil resources and resource shortage evaluation. The characteristics of the spatial matching of agricultural water and soil resources in the arid area of Northwest China were analyzed, and the measures and ways to achieve effective matching of agricultural soil and water resources in different regions were discussed.
Starting from the generalized angle of agricultural water resources, agricultural water and soil resources in northwest arid region spatial feature matching and blue and green water resources, relationship between agricultural water and soil resources matching index are analyzed, and combined with the resource equivalent coefficient, established the evaluation method to measure agricultural soil and water resources abundance. The results show that the agricultural soil and water resources in the arid region of northwest, index the higher areas are mainly distributed in agricultural irrigation district climate is extremely dry, while the lower area mainly distributed in rainfed agriculture or pasture grass dominated arid area, and the blue green water, the greater the proportion between regions, agricultural soil and water resources, the higher the index. The blue water resources and agricultural water and soil resources matching the index is linear positive correlation; green water resources around 350mm, agricultural water and soil resources, the lowest index.
The semi arid climate region mainly to dry farming, a serious shortage of state and precipitation resources more abundant in the semi humid area prone to drought or alpine areas of relatively abundant water resources were cultivated land resources; and in arid and semi-arid type of climate in the region, not only agricultural soil and water resources, a high index of agricultural soil and water resources are basically equivalent coefficient in 1.5, the formation of water resources shortage is serious. The results show that the agricultural soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China in a very unbalanced state of water resources formation and consumption area in separation phenomenon is serious. On this basis, combined with the regional characteristics of agricultural soil and water resources utilization, discusses the ways and measures of implementation agricultural soil and water resources in different regions, effectively.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院（教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心）
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F323.2

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