本文選題：甲烷檢測　切入點：溫度補償　出處：《太原理工大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著人們安全意識的不斷增強,瓦斯爆炸事故發(fā)生頻率開始有所下降,但特大型事故仍時有發(fā)生。因此提高現(xiàn)有瓦斯檢測儀的性能就顯得至關(guān)重要。由于瓦斯的主要成分是甲烷,實時、精確地檢測出甲烷氣體濃度是避免事故發(fā)生的首要條件。相對于傳統(tǒng)催化型甲烷傳感器,紅外甲烷傳感器具有不易中毒、精度高、壽命長等諸多優(yōu)點,利用紅外光譜技術(shù)檢測甲烷氣體是未來甲烷傳感器的發(fā)展趨勢。由于紅外甲烷傳感器是由許多電子元器件集成后的產(chǎn)品,目前國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品受制于核心元器件的設(shè)計與制作水平,與世界一流產(chǎn)品仍有不小的差距,所以設(shè)計誤差補償型軟件嵌入且集成于其中就顯得十分關(guān)鍵和必要。本文從第二章開始,對紅外甲烷傳感器的檢測原理進行了深入研究,闡述并論證了溫度對紅外甲烷傳感器中的光源波長、元器件有著不可忽略的影響,表現(xiàn)在:1)隨著溫度的升高,紅外光源的中心波長會逐漸減少;2)朗伯比爾定律中的吸收系數(shù)也會發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化;3)溫度的變化會影響傳感器中的半導體、電阻、電容等元器件的性能,其中半導體受到的影響最大。因為半導體是由P-N結(jié)單元構(gòu)成的,環(huán)境溫度每變化10℃,其反向漏電流就會增大或減少一倍,在傳感器中大量使用的半導體的集成運放電路、電壓穩(wěn)壓電路、邏輯芯片都會由此而產(chǎn)生復雜的非線性漂移誤差,溫度對電阻的影響則由電阻材料的差異而有所不同,金屬電阻的電阻率與溫度呈正相關(guān)變化,絕緣體和半導體的電阻率變化則為負相關(guān),溫度對電容的容量和損耗角正切值同樣有一定的影響�；谏鲜鰡栴},這些因素綜合在一起,尤其重點考慮第三點,就會對傳感器的可靠性和檢測精確性產(chǎn)生極大的影響,并且這些影響機理至今還不十分清楚,無法使用統(tǒng)一的平衡公式來歸納表征。因此,本課題首先設(shè)計了溫度影響驗證實驗,所獲數(shù)據(jù)用于研究本課題已研發(fā)的傳感器在不同溫度條件下測量甲烷濃度時的電性變化,而實驗數(shù)據(jù)復雜的非線性變化也為進一步驗證和論述溫度影響機理的復雜性提供了可靠的依據(jù)。再者,根據(jù)實驗數(shù)據(jù)復雜多變的特質(zhì),論證了利用高斯回歸算法來進行溫度補償?shù)谋匾院涂尚行?實現(xiàn)了高斯回歸過程這一種基于概率論的實用型機器算法,且根據(jù)已有的實驗樣本,提出和構(gòu)建了一個歸納輸入值與輸出值關(guān)系的數(shù)學模型。以此模型為基礎(chǔ),本文研究了高斯回歸過程中相關(guān)的統(tǒng)計學理論,分析了高斯過程中各個基本協(xié)方差函數(shù)的特點并進行了相加、相乘的核運算,從而構(gòu)造了更適合于實驗樣本的新型復合式協(xié)方差函數(shù),結(jié)合紅外甲烷傳感器中原始的測量數(shù)據(jù)及其分布特點,建立了基于高斯回歸過程的溫度補償模型。針對不同協(xié)方差函數(shù)所構(gòu)建的原始模型,進一步提出了邊緣分布最大化的模型優(yōu)化依據(jù),并選擇最大似然估計法來實現(xiàn)各個模型參數(shù)的優(yōu)化,利用matlab軟件將模型中各個參數(shù)在優(yōu)化前和優(yōu)化后對數(shù)據(jù)擬合度、擬合誤差的控制效果進行了對比與分析;經(jīng)過最優(yōu)化后的溫度補償模型預測值平均絕對誤差為0.0572,均方差為0.0057,表明此方法能夠為不同溫度下傳感器的非線性誤差實現(xiàn)有效的補償。除了比較由不同協(xié)方差函數(shù)構(gòu)建的高斯回歸溫度補償模型外,還與BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型、基于最小二乘的牛頓插值混合模型進行了比較,在LabVIEW平臺上經(jīng)過仿真模擬實驗,驗證了本文所建立的高斯回歸溫度補償模型的有效性及合理性。此外,本文基于高斯回歸溫度補償模型對紅外甲烷傳感器中的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和軟件部分進行了整合性設(shè)計研究,其中的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計包含傳感器中的光學測量部分與電路設(shè)計部分,其中光學測量部分主要是對紅外光源、探測器、氣室等進行了研究;考慮到甲烷對紅外光的吸收特性,選擇IRL715白熾燈為紅外光源和PYS3228型熱釋電探測器;為了提高傳感器的可靠性,使用雙通道光路系統(tǒng)并設(shè)計了電源調(diào)制電路和放大濾波電路。軟件部分采用了自頂而下(Top-Down)的模塊化設(shè)計方法,包括原始信號的采集與處理、甲烷濃度預測、串口通信、超限報警等程序的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn),其中甲烷濃度預測模塊包含了本文所建立的高斯回歸溫度補償模型,串口通信模塊則用于傳感器與上位機之間的通信。當這些程序受到傳感器中MSP430單片機的調(diào)用后,就能實現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的功能,可對實際環(huán)境中的甲烷濃度進行精確預測。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the growing awareness of safety, gas explosion accident frequency began to decline, but large accidents still occur. Therefore to improve the performance of the existing gas detector is very important. Because the main component is methane gas, real-time, accurately detect the concentration of methane gas is the primary condition to avoid accidents happen. Compared with the traditional catalytic methane sensor, infrared methane sensor is not easy to poisoning, high precision, long life and other advantages, the use of methane gas detection technology is the future development trend of infrared methane sensor. Because the infrared methane sensor is integrated by many electronic components of the product, the current domestic products subject to the core the components of the design and manufacture level, with first-class products in the world is still not a small gap, so the design error compensation software embedded in and integrated in the It is very crucial and necessary. This paper starts from the second chapter, the detection principle of infrared methane sensor is studied, expounds and demonstrates temperature on the wavelength of the light source infrared methane sensor, components have an impact can not be ignored in: 1) with the increase of temperature, the center wavelength of infrared light source will be reduced gradually; 2) absorption coefficient of Longbow Bill's law will change accordingly; 3) the change of temperature will affect the semiconductor sensor resistance performance of capacitors, wherein the semiconductor has the greatest influence. Because the node is composed of P-N semiconductor elements, the ambient temperature changes every 10 DEG C the reverse leakage current will increase or decrease as the integrated operational amplifier circuit of semiconductor used in sensors, voltage regulator circuit, logic chip will be generated from this complex nonlinear drift error The influence of temperature on the resistance, the difference of resistance material is different, the resistivity is positively correlated with temperature change of metal resistance and resistivity change of insulator and semiconductor is negatively related to temperature on the capacitance and loss tangent also has certain influence. Based on the above problems, these factors together, especially focus on third points, will have a great influence on sensor reliability and precision of detection, and the influence mechanism is still not very clear, unified balance formula cannot be used to summarize the characterization. Therefore, this paper designed the temperature influence experiments, the data obtained for the study of the changes of electric measurement of methane concentration in different when the temperature sensor has been developed in this paper, the nonlinear change of complicated experiment data for further verification and discussion of temperature influence mechanism To provide a reliable basis for complexity. Furthermore, according to the experimental data of complex traits, and demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of temperature compensation using Gauss regression algorithm, the realization of Gauss the regression process of a practical machine algorithm based on probability theory, and according to the existing experimental samples, proposed and constructed an inductive input the math model of the relation between value and output value. Based on this model, this paper studies the theory of statistics related to the Gauss regression process, analyzes the characteristics of each process in the basic Gauss covariance function and the sum multiplied by the nuclear operation, so as to construct a new type of composite covariance function is more suitable for the experimental samples, combined with the measurement the original data and distribution features of infrared methane sensor, a temperature compensation model based on the Gauss regression process for different covariance function The original model, further puts forward the optimization model based on the marginal distribution of the maximum and optimal selection to achieve the various model parameters of maximum likelihood estimation, all the parameters in the model before and after optimization of data fitting using MATLAB software, the control effect of the fitting error are analyzed and compared through temperature compensation; the model optimized the predictive value of the average absolute error is 0.0572, the standard deviation is 0.0057, it is shown that this method can for nonlinear error under different temperature sensor to achieve effective compensation. In addition compared by different covariance function to construct the Gauss regression model of temperature compensation, and the BP neural network model, Newton interpolation hybrid model based on least squares compared in the LabVIEW platform through the simulation experiments, verified the Gauss regression model of temperature compensation effectively And reasonable. In addition, the Gauss regression model of temperature compensation of the system structure and software of infrared methane sensor is studied in the integrated design based on the design of system structure which contains part of the optical measuring part and circuit design of sensor in optical measurement, which is a major part of the detector to the infrared light source, gas chamber etc. The study; considering the characteristics of infrared absorption of methane, IRL715 incandescent lamp as light source and PYS3228 infrared pyroelectric detector; in order to improve the reliability of the sensor, the use of dual channel optical system and the design of the power modulation circuit and the amplifying and filtering circuit. The software part adopts a top-down modular (Top-Down) the design method, including the original signal acquisition and processing, serial communication, methane concentration, design and implementation of alarm procedures, the methane concentration in the pre Measuring module includes the Gauss regression model of temperature compensation, the serial communication module is used for communication between sensor and computer. When these procedures by sensor MSP430 microcontroller after the call, you can achieve the corresponding functions, can accurately predict the methane concentration in the actual environment.

【學位授予單位】：太原理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TP212

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