【摘要】：隨著國(guó)內(nèi)大型光學(xué)望遠(yuǎn)鏡的口徑的不斷增大,望遠(yuǎn)鏡上的四通組件的尺寸也成倍加大。大型光學(xué)望遠(yuǎn)鏡作為精密光機(jī)設(shè)備,要求具有相當(dāng)高的跟蹤精度,這就需要望遠(yuǎn)鏡俯仰軸系在旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中有較高的回轉(zhuǎn)精度,在影響俯仰軸系回轉(zhuǎn)精度的諸多因素中,四通組件的形位誤差是一個(gè)不可忽略的誤差來(lái)源�，F(xiàn)在2m及以上口徑望遠(yuǎn)鏡的四通件,由于沒有有效的檢測(cè)手段來(lái)準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量其的形位誤差,則不能準(zhǔn)確的指導(dǎo)四通兩端的配合面的后續(xù)修磨,所以現(xiàn)在的大型四通件的精度只能依靠機(jī)床自身的加工精度來(lái)保證。這就對(duì)四通組件形位誤差的檢測(cè)方法的研究提出了迫切的要求,但由于四通件尺寸大、兩圓柱端面跨距大、精度要求高等特點(diǎn),對(duì)于4米級(jí)的大口徑望遠(yuǎn)鏡其四通件的兩圓柱用于定位的端面距離可以達(dá)到6米左右,使其形位誤差的檢測(cè)難度大大提高。本論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容包括:研究了激光跟蹤儀的結(jié)構(gòu)組成以及工作原理,分析了影響激光跟蹤儀測(cè)距和測(cè)角精度的主要因素。根據(jù)四通結(jié)構(gòu)件單站測(cè)量只能測(cè)得四通一端端面的坐標(biāo)的特點(diǎn),提出了轉(zhuǎn)站測(cè)量的方法,并通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)確定了激光跟蹤儀的轉(zhuǎn)站精度,完成了激光跟蹤儀對(duì)四通的測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn),并與三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)的測(cè)量結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。根據(jù)四通形位誤差的測(cè)量要求,提出并搭建了一套更方便快捷的光學(xué)測(cè)量系統(tǒng),對(duì)測(cè)量系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了誤差分析。最后通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了該測(cè)量系統(tǒng)對(duì)四通垂直度、平行度等形位誤差測(cè)量的可行性。建立了形位誤差的數(shù)學(xué)模型,用MATLAB對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果進(jìn)行了數(shù)據(jù)處理,并采用GUM評(píng)定方法和蒙特卡洛法對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果的不確定度進(jìn)行了評(píng)定,得到了不同類型形位誤差的不確定度。本文所提出測(cè)量方法不僅可以滿足2m口徑望遠(yuǎn)鏡四通形位誤差的檢測(cè)需求,對(duì)4m及更大口徑的望遠(yuǎn)鏡四通件的形位誤差的檢測(cè)與激光跟蹤儀相比具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),并且對(duì)大型軸孔類結(jié)構(gòu)件的形位光差檢測(cè)具有一定的借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:With the increasing aperture of large optical telescopes in China, the size of the four-way components on the telescope has multiplied. As a precision optical equipment, large optical telescopes are required to have high tracking accuracy. Therefore, it is necessary for the telescope pitching shafts to have high rotation accuracy in the course of rotation, and among the many factors that affect the rotation accuracy of pitching shafts, The configuration error of the four-way assembly is a source of error which can not be ignored. Now, because there is no effective means to measure the shape and position error of the four-way telescope with 2m or higher caliber, it is impossible to guide the subsequent grinding of the matching surface between the two ends of the four-way. Therefore, the accuracy of large-scale four-way parts can only be guaranteed by the machining accuracy of machine tool itself. This puts forward an urgent requirement for the research on the detection method of the shape and position error of the four-way component. However, due to the large size of the four-way component, the large span between the two cylindrical ends, and the high precision requirement, etc. For the large aperture telescope of 4 meters, the distance of the two cylinders of the four-way part used for positioning can reach about 6 meters, which makes it more difficult to detect the error of shape and position. The main contents of this thesis are as follows: the structure and working principle of laser tracker are studied, and the main factors influencing the ranging and angle measuring accuracy of laser tracker are analyzed. According to the characteristic that the coordinate of the end face of one end of the four-way structure can only be measured by single station measurement of four-way structure, this paper puts forward the measuring method of the transposing station, and determines the precision of the laser tracker by experiment, and completes the measurement experiment of the laser tracker to the four-way. The results are compared with those of CMM. According to the measurement requirements of the four-way position error, a more convenient and fast optical measurement system is put forward and built, and the error analysis of the measurement system is carried out. Finally, the feasibility of the system is verified by experiments. The mathematical model of the shape and position error is established, and the data of the measurement results are processed by MATLAB. The uncertainty of the measurement results is evaluated by using the GUM evaluation method and the Monte Carlo method, and the uncertainty of different types of shape and position errors is obtained. The measurement method presented in this paper can not only meet the needs of measuring the four-way position error of the 2-M telescope, but also has obvious advantages over the laser tracker in the detection of the four-way error of the 4m or larger aperture telescope. And it has certain reference significance for the shape and position light difference detection of the large axial hole type structure parts.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院(長(zhǎng)春光學(xué)精密機(jī)械與物理研究所)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TH743

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