【摘要】：對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古、遼寧、黑龍江、山東、河南等地部分重要疑似具有天文觀測(cè)與天象崇拜功能的考古遺址進(jìn)了天文考古考察。遺址年代跨越5000年前的新石器時(shí)代中晚期到1700年前的魏晉時(shí)代。這是在中國(guó)境內(nèi)第一次大范圍的考古天文調(diào)查。首先提出對(duì)史前文明中心遺址的"天文環(huán)境"進(jìn)行測(cè)量和探討,包括考察遺址周?chē)袩o(wú)適合觀測(cè)某些特定季節(jié)日出的山峰輪廓,考察遺址在建筑朝向或布局上有無(wú)特定的天文意義。夏家店下層文化城子山遺址的結(jié)構(gòu)表明當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)用天文方法正南北。其石板上的北斗星象,反映了北斗星崇拜的悠久傳統(tǒng)。紅山文化牛河梁遺址和東山嘴遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的石塊堆砌的圓丘,很可能具有宇宙圖景的意義。東山嘴遺址地勢(shì)高出,東面山廓明顯,是理想的"地平歷"觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)。大汶口文化可能有春秋分日出天象崇拜,宗教圖騰意義重大。大朱家村遺址的豆家?guī)X,有可能就是大朱家村遺址的太陽(yáng)觀測(cè)祭祀臺(tái)。山東龍山文化兩城鎮(zhèn)遺址和王灣三期文化(舊稱(chēng)河南龍山文化)王城崗遺址似乎都沒(méi)有明顯的"地平歷"觀測(cè)環(huán)境。我們的研究表明,陶寺文化兼有"地平歷"和圭表測(cè)影系統(tǒng)。紅山文化、大汶口文化早于陶寺文化,山東龍山文化晚期和王灣三期文化大致與陶寺文化同時(shí),這意味著中國(guó)史前天文觀測(cè)技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了從觀測(cè)日出方位向圭表測(cè)影的演變。中國(guó)考古天文學(xué)研究,對(duì)于認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)古代天文學(xué)的源流、中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古文明的起源以及中國(guó)古代敬天崇拜的內(nèi)涵,意義重大。
[Abstract]:Some important archaeological sites in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, etc., which are suspected to have the functions of astronomical observation and celestial worship, have been investigated by astronomical archaeology. The ruins span the mid-late Neolithic period 5000 years ago to the Wei and Jin dynasties before 1700. This is the first large-scale archaeological astronomical survey in China. First of all, it is proposed that the "astronomical environment" of the site of the Center of prehistoric Civilization be measured and discussed, including whether there are contours of the peaks around the site that are suitable for observing the sunrise of certain seasons. Investigate whether the site has specific astronomical significance in the direction or layout of the building. The structure of Zishan site in Xiadian lower cultural city indicates that the astronomical method was used to correct the north and south at that time. The Dipper elephant on its slate reflects the long tradition of dipper worship. The stones of Niuheliang site and Dongshanzui site of Hongshan culture are likely to have cosmic significance. Dongshanzui site is an ideal observation system because of its high topography and obvious eastern mountain profile. The culture of Dawenkou may have the worship of celestial phenomena at sunrise in spring and autumn, and religious totem is of great significance. The Dou Jia Ling of the Dazhujia Village site may be the solar observation and sacrificial terrace of the Dazhujia Village site. The ruins of two towns of Longshan Culture in Shandong Province and Wangchenggang site in the third period of Wangwan Culture (formerly known as Longshan Culture in Henan Province) do not seem to have obvious "Diping Li" observation environment. Our research shows that the culture of Tao Temple has both the "Diping Calendar" and the "Gui Meter Shadow system". Hongshan culture, Dawenkou culture was earlier than Taosi culture, and the late Longshan culture and Wangwan culture in Shandong province were about the same time as the Tao temple culture, which meant that the Chinese prehistoric astronomical observation technology had experienced the evolution from the observation of sunrise to the observation of images. The study of Chinese archaeological astronomy is of great significance to the understanding of the origin of ancient Chinese astronomy, the origin of ancient Chinese civilization and the connotation of ancient Chinese worship of heaven.
【作者單位】： 中國(guó)科學(xué)院自然科學(xué)史研究所;中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院考古研究所;
【基金】：國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):10873039) 中國(guó)科學(xué)院知識(shí)創(chuàng)新工程重要方向性項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):KJCX2-YW-T15) 美國(guó)John Templeton Foundation(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):GrantNo.14895)
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：P1-09

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本文編號(hào)：2130147