本文選題：早期宇宙學(xué) + 暴脹宇宙模型��； 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：宇宙的起源和早期演化是人類文明肇始以來(lái)不斷探尋的重要課題,也是人類文明發(fā)展的一個(gè)原始和持久的推動(dòng)力。近年來(lái),大量天文觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)和高能粒子數(shù)據(jù)及相關(guān)的涌現(xiàn)使得當(dāng)今成為宇宙學(xué)研究的黃金時(shí)代。 在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)宇宙學(xué)模型中,人們引入了宇宙加速膨脹--暴脹(Inflation)--的新概念來(lái)解決宇宙大爆炸理論存在的“視界問(wèn)題(Horizon Problem)"和“平坦性問(wèn)題(Flatness Problem)".通過(guò)量子漲落機(jī)制產(chǎn)生了與天文觀測(cè)相符的標(biāo)度不變?cè)鯏_動(dòng)功率譜,奠定了暴脹的物理基礎(chǔ)。然而,暴脹模型仍然未解決宇宙大爆炸的原初奇點(diǎn)問(wèn)題(Initial Singularity Problem)以及參數(shù)精細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)問(wèn)題(Fine-tuning Problem).因此,人們?nèi)栽谄惹械貙ふ铱梢愿倪M(jìn)或替代暴脹宇宙學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型的新模型。 在這篇博士論文中,為了解決暴脹宇宙學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型存在的問(wèn)題和困難,我們提出了全新的基于超弦唯象理論而建立的標(biāo)量場(chǎng)與快子場(chǎng)耦合的反彈宇宙模型(Coupled Scalar Tachyon Bounce Cosmos),簡(jiǎn)稱CSTB反彈宇宙模型。在CSTB反彈宇宙模型中,由于運(yùn)用了標(biāo)量場(chǎng)和快子場(chǎng)的耦合項(xiàng)以及閉合Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker(FLRW)時(shí)空的正曲率項(xiàng),宇宙可以實(shí)現(xiàn)光滑的反彈,從而避免了宇宙大爆炸初始奇點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。同時(shí),CSTB反彈宇宙模型的背景演化是與初始條件無(wú)關(guān)的動(dòng)力學(xué)吸引子解,因此也避免了參數(shù)精細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)問(wèn)題。相比于其它的反彈宇宙模型,例如Quintom反彈宇宙模型和鬼場(chǎng)凝聚(Ghost Condensation)反彈宇宙模型,CSTB反彈宇宙模型在整個(gè)反彈過(guò)程中,滿足了類光、弱和主導(dǎo)能量條件(Null, Weak, and Dominant Energy Conditions),宇宙在其整個(gè)演化過(guò)程中不會(huì)產(chǎn)生任何非物理的場(chǎng)(Ghost Field). 我們進(jìn)一步具體地研究了CSTB反彈宇宙模型的原初擾動(dòng)功率譜并和宇宙觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較。通過(guò)精確計(jì)算CSTB反彈宇宙模型的原初擾動(dòng)功率譜的譜指數(shù),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)模型可以產(chǎn)生穩(wěn)定的和標(biāo)度不變的原始曲率擾動(dòng)功率譜,這一結(jié)果和宇宙微波背景輻射(Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR))目前的觀測(cè)結(jié)果相符。 通過(guò)對(duì)各類暴脹宇宙模型和反彈/循環(huán)宇宙模型,特別是CSTB反彈宇宙模型和慢滾暴脹宇宙模型進(jìn)行更系統(tǒng)的分析,我們提出了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的參數(shù)空間(V,m)。這個(gè)參數(shù)空間包括兩個(gè)維度：一個(gè)是推廣的宇宙擾動(dòng)方程紅移-藍(lán)移項(xiàng)的系數(shù)m,而V則是宇宙背景演化尺度因子的冪指數(shù)因子。在這個(gè)統(tǒng)一的參數(shù)空間中,我們可以系統(tǒng)地分析各類暴脹宇宙模型、反彈或循環(huán)宇宙模型所產(chǎn)生的原初擾動(dòng)功率譜的性質(zhì)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩組穩(wěn)定的和標(biāo)度不變的功率譜解存在：其中一組是在暴脹宇宙模型的加速膨脹過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的,而另外一組則是在反彈/循環(huán)宇宙模型的加速收縮過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的。這兩組穩(wěn)定的標(biāo)度不變的功率譜解存在著一類完整的對(duì)偶性使它們一一對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)。有趣的是CSTB反彈宇宙模型正好通過(guò)這個(gè)完整的對(duì)偶變換被對(duì)應(yīng)到經(jīng)典的慢滾暴脹宇宙模型--即在標(biāo)量場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的指數(shù)膨脹的時(shí)空中產(chǎn)生的擾動(dòng)功率譜與在耦合快子場(chǎng)凝聚物質(zhì)驅(qū)動(dòng)的物質(zhì)收縮時(shí)空中產(chǎn)生擾動(dòng)功率譜近似簡(jiǎn)并。由于不存在參數(shù)精細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)問(wèn)題,因此,相對(duì)于慢滾暴脹宇宙模型,CSTB反彈宇宙模型功率譜的標(biāo)度不變性更加穩(wěn)定。 在本論文的最后部分,我們提出了對(duì)反彈,循環(huán)宇宙模型框架的直接實(shí)驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)的方法：通過(guò)測(cè)量暗物質(zhì)粒子質(zhì)量與散射截面關(guān)系,科學(xué)家可以判斷出宇宙的早期演化是否經(jīng)歷過(guò)反彈的過(guò)程。通過(guò)具體計(jì)算暗物質(zhì)在反彈前的塌縮期和反彈后的膨脹期中的產(chǎn)生過(guò)程,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在反彈/循環(huán)宇宙模型框架下,存在一類全新的暗物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生和“凍結(jié)(freeze-out)"機(jī)制。在這個(gè)機(jī)制當(dāng)中,由于極小的散射截面和較大的質(zhì)量,暗物質(zhì)在塌縮相和膨脹相中并沒(méi)有被充分地產(chǎn)生,令其實(shí)際豐度遠(yuǎn)低于熱平衡態(tài)容許的豐度。隨后,暗物質(zhì)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)微弱的凍結(jié)過(guò)程,使得“暗物質(zhì)殘留豐度(Cosmic Relic Abundance)"中包含的宇宙早期演化的信息得以保留到今天。我們?cè)敿?xì)計(jì)算了暗物質(zhì)在這個(gè)新機(jī)制下整個(gè)的產(chǎn)生和凍結(jié)過(guò)程,并預(yù)言了這個(gè)新機(jī)制下的暗物質(zhì)散射截面與質(zhì)量的關(guān)系：散射截面與質(zhì)量的二次方成反比,且暗物質(zhì)粒子質(zhì)量大于432電子伏特。如果暗物質(zhì)探測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)(如中國(guó)的錦屏山深地實(shí)驗(yàn)室)在將來(lái)探測(cè)出暗物質(zhì)粒子的質(zhì)量與散射截面的關(guān)系,那么這個(gè)新的暗物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生-凍結(jié)機(jī)制以及相應(yīng)的暗物質(zhì)散射截面與質(zhì)量的關(guān)系將成為宇宙早期演化是否經(jīng)歷反彈過(guò)程的一個(gè)重要的直接判據(jù).
[Abstract]:The origin and early evolution of the universe is an important subject since the beginning of human civilization, and it is also a primitive and lasting impetus for the development of human civilization. In recent years, a large number of astronomical observations and high energy particle data and the emergence of related phenomena have become the golden age of research in cosmology.
In the standard cosmological model, the new concept of cosmic accelerated expansion (Inflation) has been introduced to solve the "Horizon Problem" and "Flatness Problem" in the theory of the big bang theory. The scale invariant initial disturbance power spectrum, which is consistent with the astronomical observation, is produced by the quantum fluctuations mechanism. The physical basis of the expansion is laid. However, the expansion model still does not solve the original singularity problem of the big bang (Initial Singularity Problem) and the fine parameter adjustment problem (Fine-tuning Problem). Therefore, people are still looking for a new model that can improve or replace the standard model of the expansion of cosmology.
In this doctoral thesis, in order to solve the problems and difficulties of the standard model of expansion cosmology, we propose a new Coupled Scalar Tachyon Bounce Cosmos, called the CSTB rebound universe model, which is based on the superstring phenomenological theory, for short, the CSTB rebound universe model, in the CSTB rebound universe model. By using the coupling term of the scalar field and the fast subfield and the positive curvature term of the closed Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) space, the universe can achieve a smooth rebound, thus avoiding the initial singularity problem of the big explosion of the universe. At the same time, the background of the CSTB rebound universe model is a dynamic attractor independent of the initial conditions. It also avoids the problem of fine tuning. Compared to other rebound cosmological models, such as the Quintom rebound universe model and the Ghost Condensation rebound universe model, the CSTB rebound universe model satisfies the light like, weak and dominant energy conditions (Null, Weak, and Dominant Energy Conditions) in the whole rebound process. The universe does not produce any Ghost Field in its entire evolution.
We further study the original perturbation power spectrum of the CSTB rebound universe model and compare with the cosmic observation data. By accurately calculating the spectral exponents of the original perturbation power spectrum of the CSTB rebound universe model, we find that the model can produce stable and scale-invariant original curvature disturbance power spectrum, which is the result and the result of this model. The observed results of cosmic microwave background radiation (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)) coincide.
Through a more systematic analysis of the various expansion of the universe model and the rebound / circular universe model, especially the CSTB rebound universe model and the slow rolling universe model, we have proposed a unified parameter space (V, m). This parameter space includes two dimensions: one is the coefficient m of the red shift blue term of the universal perturbation equation, and V In this unified parameter space, we can systematically analyze the properties of the original perturbation power spectrum of all kinds of expansion of the universe model, bounce or circular universe model. We find that there are two groups of stable and scale invariant power spectral solutions, one of which is in the same group. In the accelerated expansion of the expansion of the universe model, the other is produced during the accelerated contraction of the rebound / circular universe model. These two sets of stable scale invariant power spectral solutions have a complete duality that makes them correspond to one one. Interestingly, the CSTB rebound universe model just passes this integrity. The dual transformation is corresponded to the classical slow rolling bulge universe model, that is, the disturbance power spectrum produced in the exponential expansion of the scalar field is approximately degenerate with the generation disturbance power spectrum in the time and space of the matter driven material contraction in the coupling fast subfield condensed matter. The scale invariance of the power spectrum of the CSTB rebound universe model is more stable.
In the final part of this paper, we propose a direct experimental test of a rebound, circular universe model framework: by measuring the relationship between the mass of the dark matter particles and the scattering cross section, scientists can determine whether the early evolution of the universe has experienced a rebound. In the expansion period after the projectile, we found a new kind of dark matter production and "freeze-out" mechanism under the framework of the rebound / circular universe model. In this mechanism, the dark matter is not fully produced in the collapse phase and the expansion phase due to the small scattering cross section and the larger mass, which makes it practical. The abundance is much lower than the allowable abundance of the heat equilibrium state. Subsequently, the dark matter has experienced a weak freezing process, making the information of the early evolution of the universe contained in the "Cosmic Relic Abundance" "the information of the early evolution of the universe preserved to the present. The relationship between the cross section of the dark matter scattering and the mass of the new mechanism is predicted: the scattering cross section is inversely proportional to the two mass of the mass, and the mass of the dark matter particles is greater than 432 electron volt. If the dark matter detection experiment (such as the Jinping deep Laboratory in China) detects the relationship between the mass of the dark matter particles and the scattering cross section in the future, This new dark matter production - freezing mechanism and the corresponding relation between the cross section of dark matter and the mass of the dark matter will be an important direct criterion for whether the early evolution of the universe has experienced a rebound process.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：P159

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