本文關(guān)鍵詞： 天文學(xué) 本輪 均輪 視差 西學(xué)東漸　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：從明末西方天文學(xué)傳入中國(guó)開(kāi)始，，中國(guó)學(xué)者便對(duì)其進(jìn)行了全面的解讀、理解與會(huì)通。而《歷象考成》就是由康熙帝親自招集梅tt成、何國(guó)宗等大批學(xué)者，在榮親王允祿、莊親王允祉的主持下對(duì)西方古典天文學(xué)理論重新整理、編訂的一部著作，是中國(guó)學(xué)者學(xué)習(xí)西方天文學(xué)幾十年來(lái)主要成就的集中體現(xiàn)，代表了中國(guó)學(xué)者特別是官方學(xué)者對(duì)西方天文學(xué)的選擇、理解與價(jià)值取向。 目前學(xué)界對(duì)《崇禎歷書(shū)》與《西洋新法歷書(shū)》研究較多，而關(guān)于《歷象考成》尚欠缺全面的挖掘整理。本文首次全面梳理了《歷象考成》中的日、月、日食、月食各部分的具體內(nèi)容，詳細(xì)分析了該書(shū)對(duì)《崇禎歷書(shū)》所做的繼承與改進(jìn)，特別對(duì)于日差、月亮四小輪模型、地影半徑的酌改之法、白平象限、白道視差等重大改進(jìn)之處進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的分析與對(duì)比，力求將《歷象考成》中各部分內(nèi)容的具體算法與論證方式完整的展現(xiàn)在讀者眼前。本文在嚴(yán)格的內(nèi)容分析與對(duì)比的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)于《歷象考成》的學(xué)術(shù)意義和歷史地位給予重新的評(píng)價(jià)，同時(shí)對(duì)清初官方天文學(xué)家對(duì)待西方天文學(xué)的態(tài)度、研究水平、價(jià)值取向、及其歷史局限性給予進(jìn)一步的探討。 論文共分為四章。第一章對(duì)《歷象考成》中的太陽(yáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)理論進(jìn)行梳理�！稓v象考成》將《崇禎歷書(shū)》中的偏心圓模型改為雙小輪模型，此外對(duì)于日差、近地點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)模型也都做出相應(yīng)的改進(jìn)。本章在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)的分析，系統(tǒng)闡釋《崇禎歷書(shū)》、《歷象考成》等著作中的太陽(yáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)理論及其算法的各種細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題。 第二章著重分析《歷象考成》中的月運(yùn)動(dòng)理論�！冻绲潥v書(shū)》中的月運(yùn)動(dòng)理論描述較為模糊，其中包含托勒密、哥白尼、第谷等多種月運(yùn)動(dòng)模型，但其中的理論模型與計(jì)算表互不對(duì)應(yīng)，矛盾之處較多�！稓v象考成》一改《崇禎歷書(shū)》風(fēng)格，內(nèi)容安排更為明確、結(jié)構(gòu)也更為合理，模型上做了較大改動(dòng)，將原有的第谷模型改為四小輪模型，刪除原文中一些冗余矛盾之處，同時(shí)又對(duì)一些天文常數(shù)如黃白交角變化值和黃白交點(diǎn)行度等利用天文模型做出了解釋。本章在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)分析原始文獻(xiàn)，力求理清《崇禎歷書(shū)》與《歷象考成》中月運(yùn)動(dòng)模型的構(gòu)造原理，以及《歷象考成》作出的改進(jìn)，并對(duì)中國(guó)官方天文學(xué)家的西方天文學(xué)研究水平及價(jià)值取向做出評(píng)價(jià)。 第三章著重分析《歷象考成》中的月食理論。《歷象考成》中的月食理論是在《崇禎歷書(shū)》的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步改編而成，其中內(nèi)容包括交食原理、日月視半徑、地影半徑、月食食限、月食食分、月食時(shí)刻、月食方位幾方面的內(nèi)容，其中既有觀測(cè)技術(shù)又有理論推算，將《崇禎歷書(shū)》中的模糊之處進(jìn)行了必要的改進(jìn)。但不足之處是編撰時(shí)較為側(cè)重于與編制歷法直接相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，而其它方面諸如西方天文學(xué)歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程、相關(guān)的物理知識(shí)等則被大幅刪減。本章通過(guò)分析原始文獻(xiàn)，詳細(xì)的介紹了月食理論中幾何模型的建立及應(yīng)用方式，詳細(xì)分析了《歷象考成》相對(duì)于《崇禎歷書(shū)》所做的改進(jìn)。 第四章著重分析《歷象考成》中的日食理論。《崇禎歷書(shū)》與《歷象考成》的日食理論包括食限、日食時(shí)刻、食分以及交食方位等幾個(gè)方面�！稓v象考成》在具體運(yùn)算中改進(jìn)了《崇禎歷書(shū)》中的視差理論，包括將黃道視差改為白道視差、黃平象限改為白平象限。論證過(guò)程邏輯嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)合理，體現(xiàn)出中國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)西方幾何模型熟練的應(yīng)用。不足之處亦與月食部分相同，主要是弱化了《崇禎歷書(shū)》中與編制歷法無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。 總體而言，《歷象考成》是中國(guó)官方學(xué)者在學(xué)習(xí)西方天文歷法之后的一次整理及發(fā)揮，其本身比《崇禎歷書(shū)》更為清晰、更為系統(tǒng)，說(shuō)明中國(guó)學(xué)者經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)十年的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)掌握了西方古典天文模型應(yīng)用技巧。但由于模型本身的陳舊，使得這一著作很快讓位于更先進(jìn)的橢圓模型。
[Abstract]:From the start China Chinese incoming Western astronomy, scholars have conducted a comprehensive interpretation of the understanding, the calendar as a test. While the < > is by the emperor Kangxi personally called Mei TT, a large number of scholars such as He Guozong, in honor of Wang Yunzhi under the auspices of Yunlu, Chuang Prince of the Western classical theory of astronomy to re organize and compile the book embodies decades the main achievements of western scholars studying astronomy Chinese, on behalf of the China scholars especially official scholars of Western astronomy, understanding and value orientation.
At present, scholars of the "Chongzhen Almanac" and "the Western calendar new law > more studies on < > calendar as a test is still lacking comprehensive mining. This paper first combs the < > in the calendar as a test day, month, the solar eclipse, the specific content of each part of the lunar eclipse, a detailed analysis of the inheritance and improvement of the book for < > Chongzhen, especially for the day, the moon four wheel model, shadow radius of action change method, white flat quadrant, were analyzed and compared in detail the major improvement way of disparity, and strive to be the" calendar as a test on the contents of each part of the specific algorithm and the way complete the show in front of readers. Based on the analysis and comparison of content strictly on the given re evaluation for < > calendar as a test of the academic significance and historical position, while the treatment of Western astronomy in early Qing Dynasty official astronomer attitude, research level, value orientation, and calendar Further discussion is given to the limitations of history.
This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter of < > in the calendar as a test of solar motion theory. Calendar as a test > < eccentric model > in the Chongzhen calendar to ferry model, in addition to date, the perigee motion model also make corresponding improvement. Based on the previous research this chapter, through the analysis of the original literature, systematic interpretation of < < > Chongzhen, details the theory and algorithm of the motion of the sun calendar as a test in other works. "
The second chapter focuses on the analysis of < > in the month calendar as a test. The movement theory of Chongzhen > in the month sports theoretical description is vague, including Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho and other month motion model, but the theoretical model and calculation table which do not correspond, contradictions more. Change the calendar as a test > < Chongzhen the almanac > style, the content arrangement is more clear, the structure is more reasonable, the model made larger changes to the original model of Tycho to four wheel model, remove some redundant contradictions in the original text, and explains some astronomical constants such as Huang Baijiao angle value and the intersection line of the yellow and white astronomical model. Based on previous research in this chapter, through the analysis of the original documents, to sort out the < > and < Chongzhen calendar as a test model in exercise > and < structure principle, improve the calendar as a test > made, and the Chinese official day The writer's western astronomical research level and value orientation are evaluated.
The third chapter focuses on the analysis of < > in the lunar calendar as a test theory. < > in the calendar as a lunar eclipse test theory is based on < > Chongzhen on further adapted, which include the principle of eclipse, the sun and the moon as the radius, shadow radius, lunar eclipse limit, lunar eclipse, a lunar eclipse on time the eclipse range of content, including both observation and theoretical calculation, the < > in the ambiguity Chongzhen was improved. But the disadvantage is more focused on the compilation is directly related to the preparation of the calendar, and other aspects such as the historical development process of Western astronomy, the physical knowledge is slash. Through the analysis of original documents, detailed introduction of the establishment and application of geometric model of eclipse theory, a detailed analysis of the calendar as a test with respect to < < > > do improve Chongzhen.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of < > calendar as a test in the solar eclipse theory. < > and < Chongzhen calendar as a test > eclipse theory including the limit of eclipse, eclipse eclipse and eclipse time, range and other aspects. In the specific operation calendar as a test > improved < > in the Chongzhen parallax theory, including the disparity is white disparity, Huang Ping changed to white flat quadrant quadrant. The reasoning process is logical and reasonable structure, reflect the application of western scholars on the China geometric model of skilled. Shortcomings are also the same with the partial lunar eclipse is weakening "Chongzhen > and preparation of the calendar related content.
Overall, < > is the official calendar as a test China scholars after learning the western astronomy a collation and play its own than < > Chongzhen is more clear, more systematic, Chinese scholars that after decades of learning have mastered the skills of classical astronomy. But due to the Western model of the old model itself that makes this book quickly let in the elliptical model more advanced.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：P1-092

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