【摘要】：大壩作為一種調(diào)節(jié)水利資源、發(fā)電產(chǎn)能、防洪抗旱的水利樞紐工程,對社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和民生保障都具有積極的意義。我國從上個世紀(jì)開始,伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的大規(guī)模開展,全國各地也相應(yīng)出現(xiàn)了規(guī)模不等的眾多大壩建設(shè)工程�，F(xiàn)如今,國內(nèi)的大壩不僅數(shù)量眾多,而且在大壩的質(zhì)量上達(dá)到了世界領(lǐng)先,例如全世界規(guī)模最大的混凝土重力壩——三峽大壩,全世界最高的混凝土雙曲拱壩——小灣大壩等。這些世界級的大壩工程的先后建成和投入使用代表著我國在筑壩領(lǐng)域取得的輝煌成就。由于大壩的運(yùn)行直接關(guān)系到庫區(qū)及下游居民的重大生命財產(chǎn)安全,因此對大壩進(jìn)行形變監(jiān)測,掌握大壩的運(yùn)營狀態(tài)是保障大壩安全的必要措施。當(dāng)前,大壩的形變監(jiān)測主要通過傳統(tǒng)的地面監(jiān)測手段,需要投入大量的人力物力。In SAR技術(shù)自上世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)以來,憑借著其全天時、全天候、大范圍、精度高等優(yōu)勢被普遍應(yīng)用于地表形變的監(jiān)測。隨著近些年的發(fā)展進(jìn)步,PS-In SAR已經(jīng)可以實現(xiàn)毫米級的形變監(jiān)測,這使得利用In SAR進(jìn)行大壩的形變監(jiān)測成為可能。尤其是歐空局Sentinel-1A衛(wèi)星升空后,其較高的空間分辨率和時間分辨率可以更加有效地對大壩進(jìn)行形變監(jiān)測。為此本文基于PS-In SAR技術(shù)對小灣大壩和三峽大壩兩個具有代表性的大壩進(jìn)行了形變監(jiān)測與結(jié)果分析,具體內(nèi)容如下:(1)整理歸納了大壩形變監(jiān)測的歷史、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢以及In SAR技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀,系統(tǒng)地闡述了In SAR技術(shù)的基本原理、常用的技術(shù)方法以及In SAR在形變監(jiān)測中的主要誤差來源,簡要介紹了Sentinel-1A數(shù)據(jù)的基本特點;(2)基于時序In SAR技術(shù)利用Sentinel-1A升降軌數(shù)據(jù)對小灣大壩形變進(jìn)行監(jiān)測,通過升降軌SAR影像的幾何關(guān)系將視向形變解算到南北方向(垂直于大壩的方向),提取了大壩上的部分特征點給出其形變時間序列,結(jié)合SAR強(qiáng)度圖和DEM數(shù)據(jù)提取了庫區(qū)上游水位的變化信息,最后結(jié)合大壩上游的水位變化分析了小灣大壩的形變規(guī)律;(3)基于時序In SAR技術(shù)采用Sentinel-1A升軌數(shù)據(jù)對三峽大壩進(jìn)行了形變監(jiān)測,提取出大壩的形變時間序列,結(jié)合官方公布的大壩上游水位變化數(shù)據(jù),分析了大壩的形變和上游水位變化的關(guān)系,并進(jìn)一步歸納分析了五種三峽大壩可能的形變模型。通過對小灣大壩和三峽大壩的形變監(jiān)測實驗,判斷出了兩座大壩的形變量級和形變趨勢,并結(jié)合大壩上游蓄水量的信息得到大壩的形變和上游水位變化的關(guān)系。本研究在一定程度上驗證了In SAR技術(shù)在大壩等大型工程設(shè)施形變監(jiān)測的可行性,并將為大壩形變監(jiān)測以及形變機(jī)理研究提供有價值的參考。
[Abstract]:As a kind of water conservancy project to regulate water conservancy resources, power generation capacity, flood control and drought resistance, dam is of positive significance to the economic development of society and the guarantee of people's livelihood. Since the beginning of the last century, with the large-scale development of economic construction, many dam construction projects of different scales have appeared in all parts of the country. Nowadays, there are not only a large number of dams in China, but also a world leader in the quality of dams, such as the three Gorges Dam, the largest concrete gravity dam in the world, and Xiaowan Dam, the highest concrete hyperbolic arch dam in the world. The completion and application of these world-class dam projects represent the brilliant achievements in the field of dam construction in our country. Because the operation of the dam is directly related to the safety of the life and property of the reservoir area and the downstream residents, it is necessary to monitor the deformation of the dam and master the operation state of the dam to ensure the safety of the dam. At present, dam deformation monitoring is mainly through the traditional ground monitoring means, which needs to invest a lot of manpower and material resources. In SAR technology has been widely used in the monitoring of surface deformation because of its all-day, all-weather, large-scale, high precision and so on since it appeared in the last century. With the development and progress of recent years, PS-In SAR has been able to achieve millimeter level deformation monitoring, which makes it possible to use In SAR for dam deformation monitoring. Especially after the Sentinel-1A satellite is launched, its high spatial resolution and time resolution can be used to monitor the deformation of the dam more effectively. In this paper, based on PS-In SAR technology, the deformation monitoring and result analysis of Xiaowan Dam and three Gorges Dam are carried out. The concrete contents are as follows: (1) the history, present situation and development trend of dam deformation monitoring and the research status of In SAR technology are summarized, and the basic principle of In SAR technology, the commonly used technical methods and the main error sources of In SAR in deformation monitoring are systematically expounded. The basic characteristics of Sentinel-1A data are briefly introduced. (2) based on the time series In SAR technology, the deformation of Xiaowan Dam is monitored by using Sentinel-1A lifting rail data. The apparent deformation is calculated to the north and south direction (perpendicular to the direction of the dam) through the geometric relationship of the SAR image of the lifting rail. The deformation time series of some characteristic points on the dam is extracted, and the change information of the upstream water level in the reservoir area is extracted by combining SAR intensity diagram and DEM data. Finally, the deformation law of Xiaowan Dam is analyzed according to the change of water level in the upper reaches of the dam. (3) based on the time series In SAR technology, the deformation monitoring of the three Gorges Dam is carried out by using the Sentinel-1A lifting rail data, and the deformation time series of the three Gorges Dam is extracted. combined with the officially published data of the upstream water level of the dam, the relationship between the deformation of the dam and the change of the upstream water level is analyzed, and five possible deformation models of the three Gorges Dam are further summarized and analyzed. Through the deformation monitoring experiments of Xiaowan Dam and the three Gorges Dam, the deformation order and trend of the two dams are judged, and the relationship between the deformation of the dam and the variation of the upstream water level is obtained by combining the information of the upstream water storage of the dam. To some extent, this study verifies the feasibility of In SAR technology in deformation monitoring of large engineering facilities such as dams, and will provide valuable reference for dam deformation monitoring and deformation mechanism research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TV698.11

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