【摘要】：南水北調(diào)工程穿越黃河、長(zhǎng)江、海河、淮河四大流域,涉及十多個(gè)省市、直轄市及自治區(qū),工程規(guī)模龐大,輸水線(xiàn)路橫跨度廣,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益巨大。該工程涵蓋暗涵、pccp管道、水庫(kù)、隧洞、運(yùn)河、倒虹吸、河道、渠道、大壩、湖泊、泵站、渡槽等水利項(xiàng)目,投資成本巨大,對(duì)我國(guó)各方面的發(fā)展都有著極為深遠(yuǎn)的影響。南水北調(diào)工程的實(shí)施,在黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院的重視和指導(dǎo)下,相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)和部門(mén)進(jìn)行了全方位的調(diào)研和論證,在經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)勘察后,制定詳細(xì)計(jì)劃,進(jìn)行嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì),經(jīng)過(guò)五十年的不懈努力,對(duì)上百種方案進(jìn)行比選和研究,最終確定了由長(zhǎng)江上游、中游、下游分別引水的南水北調(diào)西、中、東三條線(xiàn)路。其中,流經(jīng)河南省境內(nèi)的中線(xiàn)干線(xiàn)項(xiàng)目是整個(gè)南水北調(diào)工程的重要組成部分,該項(xiàng)目能夠有效緩解黃淮海平原地區(qū)水資源不足的問(wèn)題,同時(shí)還能夠優(yōu)化水資源配置,對(duì)受水區(qū)北京、天津、河北、河南等省市的發(fā)展有著重要的影響。在南水北調(diào)工程中,渠道是輸配水的主要載體,其運(yùn)行的安全可靠性和節(jié)能經(jīng)濟(jì)性,直接影響到工程的可靠性、安全性、可維護(hù)性。復(fù)合土工膜材料是土工合成材料的一種,系由高分子聚合物制成,它是以塑料薄膜作為防滲基材,與無(wú)紡布復(fù)合構(gòu)成的高分子化學(xué)柔性材料,該材料具有延伸性較強(qiáng)、適應(yīng)變形能力強(qiáng)、比重低等特點(diǎn)。采用復(fù)合土工膜進(jìn)行渠道防滲日益成為渠道防滲的重要措施,并在南水北調(diào)工程渠道防滲中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。復(fù)合土工膜材料作為渠道防滲的主要材料,在自然環(huán)境中易受到紫外輻射、氧氣、溫度、濕度等環(huán)境因素的影響而產(chǎn)生老化,它的老化是指材料在溫度及水溶液相互作用的過(guò)程中材料物理化學(xué)性能隨著渠道運(yùn)行年齡而變化的一種緩慢的過(guò)程,體現(xiàn)在材料力學(xué)強(qiáng)度方面就是指材料的抗拉強(qiáng)度隨著外界環(huán)境的影響而逐漸降低,而材料的滲透系數(shù)會(huì)隨著外界環(huán)境的影響而逐漸增大,從而導(dǎo)致渠道中復(fù)合土工膜材料所受應(yīng)力及應(yīng)變產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的變化,也最終會(huì)影響到渠道輸水功能的正常發(fā)揮,縮短渠道的服役壽命,甚至?xí)苯油{到整個(gè)輸水工程的安全。因此,以實(shí)際工程應(yīng)用環(huán)境為依據(jù),探究渠道用復(fù)合土工膜材料拉伸強(qiáng)度隨時(shí)間的變化規(guī)律對(duì)整個(gè)南水北調(diào)工程安全有效的運(yùn)行有著極為重要的意義。南水北調(diào)中線(xiàn)工程渠道結(jié)構(gòu)中,渠道表面采用混凝土襯砌作為保護(hù)層,紫外線(xiàn)照射對(duì)于復(fù)合土工膜材料的老化并沒(méi)有起到?jīng)Q定性的作用,引起復(fù)合土工膜材料老化的關(guān)鍵因素則是溫度及濕度的綜合作用。因此本論文依據(jù)南水北調(diào)工程實(shí)際應(yīng)用環(huán)境,以復(fù)合土工膜材料拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律為研究主線(xiàn),利用室內(nèi)熱老化試驗(yàn)儀,高低溫綜合試驗(yàn)箱及室內(nèi)綜合試驗(yàn)拉力機(jī)等試驗(yàn)設(shè)備,開(kāi)展不同環(huán)境狀況(室內(nèi)熱老化、室內(nèi)濕熱老化、自然氣候老化)條件下的復(fù)合土工膜材料的老化試驗(yàn)研究,分析復(fù)合土工膜材料在室內(nèi)熱老化、室內(nèi)濕熱老化及自然氣候老化條件下材料的老化特性,并建立起不同環(huán)境狀況條件下材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律模型;依據(jù)工程用復(fù)合土工膜材料的失效判據(jù),利用建立的材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律模型,對(duì)典型工程渠段中復(fù)合土工膜材料的使用壽命進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè);同時(shí)運(yùn)用數(shù)值分析方法就復(fù)合土工膜材料老化對(duì)調(diào)水工程安全的影響程度進(jìn)行定量分析,為確保調(diào)水工程安全有效地運(yùn)行與供水效益的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供技術(shù)支撐。本論文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容及成果如下:1、通過(guò)對(duì)南水北調(diào)中線(xiàn)工程典型工程渠段復(fù)合土工膜材料應(yīng)用情況的調(diào)研,結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境條件因素、氣候因素等,綜合考慮引起復(fù)合土工膜材料老化的多種影響因素,根據(jù)實(shí)際工程應(yīng)用環(huán)境,確定選擇溫度及濕度作為引起南水北調(diào)中線(xiàn)工程中復(fù)合土工膜材料老化的主要因素,設(shè)計(jì)出符合南水北調(diào)中線(xiàn)工程的復(fù)合土工膜材料的老化試驗(yàn)方案。2、選用南水北調(diào)中線(xiàn)工程典型工程渠段(鶴壁段)所用復(fù)合土工膜材料,以溫度及濕度這兩種因素作為材料的加速老化因子,開(kāi)展復(fù)合土工膜材料室內(nèi)熱老化加速試驗(yàn)、室內(nèi)濕熱老化加速實(shí)驗(yàn)以及自然氣候老化試驗(yàn)三種老化對(duì)比試驗(yàn),分析得出復(fù)合土工膜材料在不同環(huán)境狀況條件下所表現(xiàn)出的老化性能及材料的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度隨時(shí)間的變化規(guī)律。3、復(fù)合土工膜材料在室內(nèi)熱老化、室內(nèi)濕熱老化及自然氣候老化試驗(yàn)條件下,材料的主要力學(xué)性能指標(biāo):縱橫向拉伸強(qiáng)度、縱橫向伸長(zhǎng)率及縱橫向撕裂強(qiáng)力均隨著老化時(shí)間的增加總體呈下降趨勢(shì);彈性模量隨老化時(shí)間的變化不大;材料滲透系數(shù)隨老化時(shí)間增加無(wú)明顯變化,且均保持在同一數(shù)量級(jí),能滿(mǎn)足工程防滲的要求。4、室內(nèi)熱老化加速試驗(yàn)條件下,復(fù)合土工膜材料的縱橫向拉伸強(qiáng)度、縱橫向伸長(zhǎng)率與縱橫向撕裂強(qiáng)力下降速率隨試驗(yàn)溫度的變化較為顯著。在三種不同的試驗(yàn)溫度條件下,溫度越高,測(cè)試指標(biāo)下降速率越大,力學(xué)性能衰減越快;溫度越低,測(cè)試指標(biāo)下降速率越小,力學(xué)性能衰減較慢。并且在同一溫度條件下,復(fù)合土工膜材料力學(xué)強(qiáng)度的變化規(guī)律表現(xiàn)為以材料的縱向拉伸強(qiáng)度下降速率最為明顯。5、室內(nèi)濕熱老化加速試驗(yàn)條件下,復(fù)合土工膜材料的縱橫向拉伸強(qiáng)度、縱橫向伸長(zhǎng)率與縱橫向撕裂強(qiáng)力下降速率隨試驗(yàn)溫度、濕度變化也較為顯著,在三種不同的試驗(yàn)溫度、濕度條件下,溫度越高,濕度越大,測(cè)試指標(biāo)下降速率越大,力學(xué)性能衰減越快;溫度越低,濕度越小,測(cè)試指標(biāo)下降速率越小,力學(xué)性能衰減越慢。6、在試驗(yàn)濕度相同的情況下,試驗(yàn)溫度越高,復(fù)合土工膜材料拉伸強(qiáng)度、伸長(zhǎng)率、撕裂強(qiáng)力下降速度越快,復(fù)合土工膜材料的老化性能表現(xiàn)為隨溫度的升高呈現(xiàn)出老化速率加快的趨勢(shì)。且在相同試驗(yàn)溫度及濕度條件下,材料的縱向拉伸強(qiáng)度下降速率要大于材料的橫向拉伸強(qiáng)度下降速率。而在溫度相同的情況下,試驗(yàn)濕度越高,復(fù)合土工膜材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度、伸長(zhǎng)率、撕裂強(qiáng)力下降速率越快,復(fù)合土工膜材料的老化性能表現(xiàn)為隨濕度的升高呈現(xiàn)出老化速率加快的趨勢(shì)。7、依據(jù)室內(nèi)加速試驗(yàn)成果,運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)分析方法,建立了復(fù)合土工膜材料在室內(nèi)熱老化與室內(nèi)濕熱老化加速試驗(yàn)條件下材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律模型,并以材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度下降至初始強(qiáng)度的50%作為材料的失效判據(jù),對(duì)復(fù)合土工膜材料在南水北調(diào)實(shí)際工程應(yīng)用環(huán)境中的使用壽命進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。8、對(duì)濕熱老化試驗(yàn)條件下復(fù)合土工膜材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律模型進(jìn)行了實(shí)際工程驗(yàn)證,將南水北調(diào)工程模型試驗(yàn)箱中復(fù)合土工膜材料自然氣候老化條件下材料的取樣檢測(cè)值及西霞院工程5年試驗(yàn)區(qū)中的復(fù)合土工膜材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度的取樣檢測(cè)值分別同該濕熱老化拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律模型的預(yù)測(cè)值進(jìn)行對(duì)比,可以得出:模型預(yù)測(cè)的可靠度滿(mǎn)足工程要求,說(shuō)明即使對(duì)于不同規(guī)格的復(fù)合土工膜材料,在環(huán)境條件相似的情況下,該濕熱老化拉伸強(qiáng)度衰減規(guī)律模型也仍然具有一定的工程應(yīng)用和參考價(jià)值。9、運(yùn)用數(shù)值分析軟件FLAC3D就復(fù)合土工膜材料老化引起材料參數(shù)的變化對(duì)渠道邊坡安全性的影響程度進(jìn)行定量分析,分析認(rèn)為復(fù)合土工膜材料參數(shù)的變化(縱、橫向彈性模量不同;復(fù)合土工膜老化)對(duì)渠道邊坡的位移分布及應(yīng)力分布影響不大;渠道中復(fù)合土工膜材料受到的拉應(yīng)力最大值遠(yuǎn)小于復(fù)合土工膜材料的失效破壞抗拉強(qiáng)度。渠道正常運(yùn)行過(guò)程中邊坡未產(chǎn)生較大滑移,渠道邊坡整體穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:The South-to-North Water Transfer Project crosses the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, the Haihe River and the Huaihe River, involving more than ten provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. The project has a large scale, wide span of water transmission lines and huge economic benefits. The implementation of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, under the attention and guidance of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, has been investigated and demonstrated in an all-round way by relevant institutions and departments. After careful investigation, detailed plans have been worked out and rigorous designs have been made. After 50 years of unremitting efforts, Through the comparison and study of hundreds of schemes, three routes of South-to-North Water Transfer from the upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the west, middle and East are finally determined. In the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the canal is the main carrier of water transmission and distribution, and its operation reliability and energy-saving economy directly affect the reliability, safety and maintainability of the project. Membrane material is a kind of geosynthetical material, which is made of polymer. It is a kind of polymer chemical flexible material composed of plastic film and non-woven fabric. The material has the characteristics of strong elongation, strong adaptability to deformation and low specific gravity. Composite geomembrane material, as the main material of canal seepage control, is vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, oxygen, temperature, humidity and other environmental factors in the natural environment, resulting in aging. Its aging refers to the interaction process of materials in temperature and water-soluble phase. The physical and chemical properties of medium materials change slowly with the age of canal operation, which is reflected in the mechanical strength of materials, that is, the tensile strength of materials decreases gradually with the influence of external environment, and the permeability coefficient of materials increases gradually with the influence of external environment, resulting in composite geomembrane in canal. The stress and strain of the material will change correspondingly, which will affect the normal function of the canal, shorten the service life of the canal, and even directly threaten the safety of the whole water conveyance project. The law is of great importance to the safe and effective operation of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In the canal structure of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, concrete lining is used as the protective layer on the surface of the canal. Ultraviolet radiation does not play a decisive role in the aging of composite geomembrane materials, and the key cause of the aging of composite geomembrane materials is caused. Therefore, according to the actual application environment of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, this paper takes the attenuation law of tensile strength of composite geomembrane materials as the main line, and uses indoor thermal aging tester, high-low temperature comprehensive test box and indoor comprehensive test tensile machine to carry out different environmental conditions (indoor heat). The aging test of composite geomembrane materials under aging, indoor humid-thermal aging and natural climate aging conditions was carried out. The aging characteristics of composite geomembrane materials under indoor thermal aging, indoor humid-thermal aging and natural climate aging were analyzed, and the attenuation law model of tensile strength under different environmental conditions was established. According to the failure criterion of composite geomembrane materials used in engineering, the service life of composite geomembrane materials in canal section of typical engineering is predicted by using the tensile strength attenuation law model of composite geomembrane materials, and the influence degree of composite geomembrane materials aging on the safety of water diversion project is quantitatively analyzed by using numerical analysis method. The main research contents and achievements of this paper are as follows: 1. By investigating the application of composite geomembrane materials in the canal section of the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, considering the local environmental conditions and climate factors, the composite geomembrane materials are synthetically considered. According to the actual engineering application environment, the temperature and humidity are selected as the main factors causing the aging of composite geomembrane materials in the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The aging test scheme of composite geomembrane materials in accordance with the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is designed. 2. The middle route code of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is selected. Composite geomembrane materials used in the canal section of the H-shaped project (Hebi section) were used to carry out indoor thermal aging accelerated test, indoor humid-thermal aging accelerated test and natural climate aging comparative test with temperature and humidity as accelerating aging factors. The aging properties and mechanical strength of composite geomembrane materials under different environmental conditions change with time. 3. The main mechanical properties of composite geomembrane materials are longitudinal and transverse tensile strength, longitudinal and transverse elongation and longitudinal and transverse tearing strength under indoor thermal aging, indoor humid and thermal aging and natural climate aging conditions. The modulus of elasticity has little change with aging time, and the permeability coefficient has no obvious change with aging time, and all keep the same order of magnitude, which can meet the requirements of seepage prevention. 4. The longitudinal and transverse tensile strength of composite geomembrane materials under indoor accelerated thermal aging test conditions. The longitudinal and transverse elongation and the longitudinal and transverse tear strength decrease rate change with the test temperature significantly. Under three different test temperature conditions, the higher the temperature, the greater the test index decline rate, the faster the mechanical properties decay; the lower the temperature, the smaller the test index decline rate, the slower the mechanical properties decay. The longitudinal and transverse tensile strength, longitudinal and transverse elongation and longitudinal and transverse tearing strength decrease rate of composite geomembrane materials with the test temperature and humidity changing significantly under indoor humid and thermal aging accelerated test conditions. At three different test temperatures and humidities, the higher the temperature, the greater the humidity, the greater the decline rate of test index, the faster the mechanical properties decay; the lower the temperature, the lower the humidity, the smaller the decline rate of test index, the slower the mechanical properties decay. 6. Under the same test humidity, the higher the test temperature, the higher the tensile strength of composite geomembrane materials. The faster the decrease of elongation and tearing strength is, the faster the aging performance of composite geomembrane materials tends to be accelerated with the increase of temperature. The higher the humidity is, the faster the decrease rate of tensile strength, elongation and tear strength of the composite geomembrane material is. The aging performance of the composite geomembrane material shows an accelerated trend with the increase of humidity. Tensile strength attenuation model of composite geomembrane materials under accelerated test conditions of internal heat aging and indoor humid heat aging was established. The failure criterion of composite geomembrane materials was that the tensile strength of composite geomembrane materials decreased to 50% of initial strength. The service life of composite geomembrane materials in practical engineering environment of South-to-North Water Transfer Project was predicted. 8. The test conditions of humid heat aging were studied. The attenuation law model of the tensile strength of the composite geomembrane material under the condition of natural climate aging in the model test box of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project is verified by the actual project. The testing values of the tensile strength of the composite geomembrane material in the five-year test area of Xixia Academy Project are the same as those of the composite geomembrane material under the natural climate aging condition. By comparing the predicted values of the model, it can be concluded that the predicted reliability of the model meets the engineering requirements, which indicates that the model still has certain engineering applications and parameters even for different specifications of composite geomembrane materials under similar environmental conditions. Value. 9. The influence of composite geomembrane material aging on the safety of canal slope is quantitatively analyzed by FLAC3D software. It is concluded that the variation of composite geomembrane material parameters (longitudinal and transverse elastic modulus is different; composite geomembrane aging) affects the displacement distribution and stress distribution of canal slope. The maximum tensile stress of the composite geomembrane material in the canal is far less than the failure failure tensile strength of the composite geomembrane material.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TV68;TV49

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1 李慶s，

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