高山流域降水徑流過程機理及模擬研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-10 11:30
【摘要】：高山流域是世界上諸多大河的源區(qū),是世界“水塔”,在水資源開發(fā)利用中占有重要地位,但其降水徑流過程有顯著的特殊性。論文關(guān)注高山流域降水徑流過程的以下四個主要特征:徑流過程的降水驅(qū)動空間差異大;產(chǎn)流過程復(fù)雜,徑流成分的時間和空間變異性大;融雪水是高山流域重要的徑流成分;地形起伏大,土壤和植被等下墊面條件顯著的空間變異性導(dǎo)致流域降雨產(chǎn)流條件在空間上顯著變化。針對這些特征導(dǎo)致的水文模擬難點,提出了改進水文模擬精度的方法�；诳臻g分布模式的遙感和地面降水融合方法:TRMM等衛(wèi)星遙感降水產(chǎn)品可以較好地反映降水的空間分布模式,并用TRMM柵格和雨量站點所在柵格雨量的差值定量表征。將地面站的點雨量觀測優(yōu)勢和TRMM的空間分布觀測優(yōu)勢結(jié)合,以雨量站點為控制點對每個TRMM柵格的數(shù)據(jù)進行校正。校正降水產(chǎn)品改進了雨量站稀疏的瀾滄江流域洪峰的模擬效果�；趶搅鞒煞謩澐值乃哪Ｐ蛥�(shù)分步率定方法:綜合高山流域氣溫隨高程遞減和積雪冰川分布起始高程不同的特點,建立了高山流域徑流成分的識別方法。將高山流域徑流過程線劃分為由不同徑流成分主導(dǎo)的子集,徑流過程線的每個子集根據(jù)其物理成因?qū)?yīng)于模型參數(shù)的一個子集,模型參數(shù)依據(jù)相應(yīng)的徑流過程線子集分別逐步率定。參數(shù)分步率定方法應(yīng)用于新疆的臺蘭河流域,增強了參數(shù)率定的物理基礎(chǔ),提高了參數(shù)率定的計算效率�；诜e雪累積和消融過程信息的度日因子估計方法:綜合溫度對雨雪轉(zhuǎn)換和融雪的控制作用,將流域積雪過程劃分為累積段、消融段和累積消融并存段。在累積段,觀測的降雪量即為積雪水當(dāng)量,結(jié)合遙感積雪面積和地面積雪深數(shù)據(jù)可估算流域積雪密度。在消融段,依據(jù)估算的積雪密度和觀測的積雪深數(shù)據(jù),可估算融雪水當(dāng)量,由此估計融雪度日因子。度日因子估計方法應(yīng)用在奧地利山區(qū)的Lienz流域,有效地改進了流域積雪覆蓋的模擬效果�；诘匦沃笖�(shù)的瀾滄江流域變結(jié)構(gòu)水文模型:以新安江產(chǎn)流計算方法和HBV產(chǎn)流計算方法為基準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)流計算方法,選定地形指數(shù)作為產(chǎn)流條件控制因子,建立了產(chǎn)流計算方法隨流域下墊面條件變化的水文模型。當(dāng)子流域計算單元的平均地形指數(shù)大于某一閾值時,以新安江模型方法計算產(chǎn)流,反之,則以HBV模型方法計算產(chǎn)流。變產(chǎn)流計算方法的模型結(jié)構(gòu)顯著地改進了瀾滄江流域洪峰的模擬效果。
[Abstract]:Alpine watershed is the source area of many great rivers in the world and the "water tower" in the world. It plays an important role in the exploitation and utilization of water resources, but its precipitation and runoff process has remarkable particularity. This paper focuses on the following four main characteristics of precipitation runoff process in alpine watershed: the difference of precipitation driving space in runoff process, the complexity of runoff production process, the large temporal and spatial variability of runoff composition, and the importance of snowmelt water as an important runoff component in high mountain watershed. The spatial variability of underlying surface conditions such as soil and vegetation resulted in significant changes in rainfall and runoff conditions in the watershed. In view of the difficulties in hydrological simulation caused by these characteristics, a method to improve the accuracy of hydrologic simulation is proposed. Remote Sensing and Surface precipitation Fusion method based on Spatial Distribution Model the satellite remote sensing precipitation products such as: TRMM can better reflect the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation and quantitatively characterize the difference between the raster rainfall of TRMM grid and the raster rainfall at the rainfall station. The point rainfall observation advantage of the earth station and the spatial distribution observation advantage of TRMM are combined, and the data of each TRMM grid are corrected by using the rainfall station as the control point. The correction of precipitation product improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in the sparse rainfall station of Lancang River basin. The method of determining the parameters of hydrological model based on the classification of runoff composition: considering the characteristics of temperature decreasing with elevation and different initial elevation of snow glacier distribution, a method for identifying runoff composition in alpine watershed is established. The runoff process line of alpine watershed is divided into subsets dominated by different runoff components. Each subset of runoff process line corresponds to a subset of model parameters according to its physical origin. The model parameters are determined according to the corresponding subsets of runoff process line. The method of parameter step rate determination is applied to the Tailan River basin in Xinjiang, which enhances the physical basis of parameter rate determination and improves the calculation efficiency of parameter rate determination. The method of daily factor estimation based on the information of snow accumulation and ablation process: considering the controlling effect of temperature on rain and snow conversion and snow melting, the snow process of watershed is divided into accumulative section, ablation section and cumulative ablation phase. In the accumulative section, the observed snowfall amount is the equivalent of snow cover water, and the snow density can be estimated by combining the remote sensing snow cover area and the surface snow depth data. According to the estimated snow density and the observed snow depth, the equivalent of melting water can be estimated and the daily factor of snow melting can be estimated. The method of diurnal factor estimation is applied to the Lienz watershed in Austrian mountain area, and the simulation effect of snow cover in the watershed is improved effectively. The variable structure Hydrological Model of Lancang River Basin based on terrain Index: taking the runoff generation calculation method of Xin'an River and HBV runoff generation calculation method as the benchmark runoff generation calculation method, the topographic index is selected as the control factor of runoff production condition. The hydrological model of runoff generation method with the change of the underlying surface condition of the basin is established. When the average topographic index of the subbasin calculation unit is greater than a certain threshold value, the runoff generation is calculated by the Xinanjiang model method and the HBV model method. The model structure of variable runoff calculation method significantly improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in Lancang River basin.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TV121.1
本文編號：2234310
[Abstract]:Alpine watershed is the source area of many great rivers in the world and the "water tower" in the world. It plays an important role in the exploitation and utilization of water resources, but its precipitation and runoff process has remarkable particularity. This paper focuses on the following four main characteristics of precipitation runoff process in alpine watershed: the difference of precipitation driving space in runoff process, the complexity of runoff production process, the large temporal and spatial variability of runoff composition, and the importance of snowmelt water as an important runoff component in high mountain watershed. The spatial variability of underlying surface conditions such as soil and vegetation resulted in significant changes in rainfall and runoff conditions in the watershed. In view of the difficulties in hydrological simulation caused by these characteristics, a method to improve the accuracy of hydrologic simulation is proposed. Remote Sensing and Surface precipitation Fusion method based on Spatial Distribution Model the satellite remote sensing precipitation products such as: TRMM can better reflect the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation and quantitatively characterize the difference between the raster rainfall of TRMM grid and the raster rainfall at the rainfall station. The point rainfall observation advantage of the earth station and the spatial distribution observation advantage of TRMM are combined, and the data of each TRMM grid are corrected by using the rainfall station as the control point. The correction of precipitation product improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in the sparse rainfall station of Lancang River basin. The method of determining the parameters of hydrological model based on the classification of runoff composition: considering the characteristics of temperature decreasing with elevation and different initial elevation of snow glacier distribution, a method for identifying runoff composition in alpine watershed is established. The runoff process line of alpine watershed is divided into subsets dominated by different runoff components. Each subset of runoff process line corresponds to a subset of model parameters according to its physical origin. The model parameters are determined according to the corresponding subsets of runoff process line. The method of parameter step rate determination is applied to the Tailan River basin in Xinjiang, which enhances the physical basis of parameter rate determination and improves the calculation efficiency of parameter rate determination. The method of daily factor estimation based on the information of snow accumulation and ablation process: considering the controlling effect of temperature on rain and snow conversion and snow melting, the snow process of watershed is divided into accumulative section, ablation section and cumulative ablation phase. In the accumulative section, the observed snowfall amount is the equivalent of snow cover water, and the snow density can be estimated by combining the remote sensing snow cover area and the surface snow depth data. According to the estimated snow density and the observed snow depth, the equivalent of melting water can be estimated and the daily factor of snow melting can be estimated. The method of diurnal factor estimation is applied to the Lienz watershed in Austrian mountain area, and the simulation effect of snow cover in the watershed is improved effectively. The variable structure Hydrological Model of Lancang River Basin based on terrain Index: taking the runoff generation calculation method of Xin'an River and HBV runoff generation calculation method as the benchmark runoff generation calculation method, the topographic index is selected as the control factor of runoff production condition. The hydrological model of runoff generation method with the change of the underlying surface condition of the basin is established. When the average topographic index of the subbasin calculation unit is greater than a certain threshold value, the runoff generation is calculated by the Xinanjiang model method and the HBV model method. The model structure of variable runoff calculation method significantly improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in Lancang River basin.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TV121.1
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