【摘要】：水資源在人類生產(chǎn)和生活中扮演著重要角色,但自然狀態(tài)的水資源并不能完全與人類的需求相適應(yīng),為了對水資源進(jìn)行更加合理的時空分配,控制水流,減少洪澇災(zāi)害的發(fā)生,達(dá)到興利除害的目的,水利工程被大量修建,不可否認(rèn),水利工程的建設(shè)緩解了社會日趨增加的能源需求,有效減少了水害的發(fā)生,但其所帶來的生態(tài)問題也越發(fā)凸顯。水庫作為最具代表性的水利工程,其生態(tài)問題在近幾年成為了研究的熱點(diǎn),水庫的修建改變了河流原有的運(yùn)動形態(tài),阻礙了河流的連通性,使相應(yīng)的水文指標(biāo)發(fā)生了較大變化如水文特征、理化性質(zhì)、河流形態(tài)以及沿岸生態(tài)等,為了降低水庫對下游生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響,本文針對水庫生態(tài)問題,考慮水文變異的影響,以尼爾基水庫為例,建立了水文變異條件下的水庫生態(tài)調(diào)度模型,主要研究內(nèi)容為:(1)結(jié)合水文變異診斷系統(tǒng),將人類擾動作為變異的主要誘因,通過初步診斷、詳細(xì)診斷及綜合診斷,確定所選時間序列的水文變異節(jié)點(diǎn),以此將水文時間序列劃分為三類:天然狀態(tài)下的水文序列,用以推求天然狀態(tài)下的生態(tài)流量;弱人類干擾下的水文序列,用以推求次天然狀態(tài)下的生態(tài)流量;強(qiáng)人類干擾下的水文序列,用以推求現(xiàn)狀生態(tài)流量。(2)選擇水文指標(biāo)法求解生態(tài)流量,并以逐月頻率計(jì)算法為基礎(chǔ),縮小時間尺度,其中冰封期(11月-次年3月)以月為時間尺度,非冰封期(4月-10月)以旬為時間尺度,求解得出天然狀態(tài)、次天然狀態(tài)、現(xiàn)狀條件下的最大、適宜、最小生態(tài)流量,并以不考慮水文變異條件下的生態(tài)流量作為對照組,將得到的結(jié)果用Tennant法進(jìn)行評價。(3)以發(fā)電量最大為目標(biāo),水量平衡、水位、水輪機(jī)最大過機(jī)流量、水電站出力、水電站出力特性、生態(tài)流量為約束條件,FA算法為求解方法,建立了常規(guī)的水庫生態(tài)調(diào)度模型和非充分生態(tài)約束條件下的生態(tài)調(diào)度模型。(4)以四種狀態(tài)下的最小及適宜生態(tài)流量作為水庫下泄流量的下閾值,最大生態(tài)流量作為水庫下泄流量的上閾值,進(jìn)行五種典型水文年的水庫常規(guī)生態(tài)調(diào)度,分析考慮水文變異后的調(diào)度結(jié)果與原調(diào)度原則、不考慮生態(tài)變異的調(diào)度結(jié)果之間的差異性。(5)針對部分調(diào)度結(jié)果滿足最小生態(tài)流量約束而不滿足適宜生態(tài)流量約束的情況,提出了以最小生態(tài)流量約束的調(diào)度結(jié)果為基礎(chǔ),逐步向適宜生態(tài)流量約束靠近的非充分生態(tài)約束流量求解方法,并以最小生態(tài)約束流量為下限,非充分生態(tài)約束流量為上限,通過引入松弛變量λ建立發(fā)電量與生態(tài)保證程度的關(guān)系,采用Kmin法與Kmax-1法并結(jié)合Tennant評價,確定了非充分生態(tài)約束條件下水庫生態(tài)調(diào)度的最佳平衡點(diǎn)。結(jié)果表明,在現(xiàn)有調(diào)度規(guī)則下,河流原有的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)得不到有效保護(hù),對于來水較多的年份棄水較多,水資源得不到有效利用;水文變異條件下的生態(tài)調(diào)度,可以在水量不足的年份提供較低生態(tài)保證程度的調(diào)度方案,減輕對河流系統(tǒng)的破壞程度;水庫經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與生態(tài)效益之間存在矛盾,在枯水期較為明顯,在豐水期可以得到有效緩解;不宜直接選取最小生態(tài)流量約束下的調(diào)度結(jié)果作為調(diào)度方案;非充分生態(tài)約束條件下的生態(tài)調(diào)度模型可以有效解決部分調(diào)度模型存在調(diào)度結(jié)果滿足最小生態(tài)流量約束而不滿足適宜生態(tài)流量約束的問題,在六種生態(tài)約束條件下的生態(tài)保證程度分別可提高60%、80%、40%、60%、70%、70%,相應(yīng)的電量損失率僅為2.01%、1.13%、1.28%、1.47%、2.16%、2.08%。
[Abstract]:Water resources play an important role in human production and life, but the natural state of water resources can not fully meet the needs of human beings. In order to make a more reasonable space-time distribution of water resources, control the flow of water, reduce the occurrence of floods and waterlogging disasters, to achieve the purpose of promoting benefits and eliminating harm, a large number of water conservancy projects have been built. The construction of the reservoir has alleviated the increasing energy demand of the society and effectively reduced the occurrence of water hazards, but the ecological problems brought about by the reservoir have become more and more prominent. In order to reduce the impact of the reservoir on the downstream ecosystem, this paper considers the impact of hydrological variation on the reservoir ecology, and takes Nierji Reservoir as an example to establish the reservoir ecological regulation under the condition of hydrological variation. The main research contents of the degree model are as follows: (1) Combining with the hydrological variation diagnostic system, human disturbance is taken as the main inducement of variation, and the hydrological variation nodes of the selected time series are determined through preliminary diagnosis, detailed diagnosis and comprehensive diagnosis. The hydrological time series can be divided into three types: the hydrological sequence in the natural state to deduce the natural state. (2) Choose the hydrological index method to calculate the ecological discharge, and reduce the time scale based on the monthly frequency calculation method, in which the ice cover period (November-March) is the ice cover period. Taking monthly as the time scale and ten days as the time scale in non-freezing period (April-October), the natural state, sub-natural state, the maximum, suitable and minimum ecological flow under the current conditions were obtained. The ecological flow without considering the hydrological variability was taken as the control group, and the results were evaluated by Tennant method. (3) The maximum power generation was taken as the objective. Standard, water balance, water level, maximum turbine flow, output of hydropower station, output characteristics of hydropower station and ecological flow are constraints, and FA algorithm is used to solve the problem. A conventional reservoir ecological operation model and an ecological operation model under the condition of inadequate ecological constraints are established. (4) Minimum and appropriate ecological flow under four conditions are taken as water. Under the lower threshold of reservoir discharge, the maximum ecological discharge is used as the upper threshold of reservoir discharge. The routine ecological operation of reservoir in five typical hydrological years is carried out. The dispatching results after considering hydrological variation and the original dispatching principle are analyzed, and the difference between the dispatching results without considering ecological variation is not considered. (5) Some dispatching results satisfy the minimum ecology. In the case of flow constraints which do not satisfy the appropriate ecological flow constraints, a method for solving the incomplete ecological flow constraints is proposed, which is based on the scheduling results of the minimum ecological flow constraints and approaches the appropriate ecological flow constraints step by step. Quantity lambda establishes the relationship between power generation and ecological assurance degree, and uses Kmin method, Kmax-1 method and Tennant evaluation to determine the optimal balance point of reservoir ecological operation under the condition of insufficient ecological constraints. Under the condition of hydrological variability, the ecological regulation can provide a lower ecological guarantee degree of operation plan in the year of insufficient water, and reduce the damage degree to the river system. It is inappropriate to directly select the scheduling results under the constraints of minimum ecological flow as the scheduling scheme; the ecological scheduling model under the conditions of inadequate ecological constraints can effectively solve the problem of partial scheduling model with the scheduling results satisfying the constraints of minimum ecological flow and not satisfying the constraints of appropriate ecological flow, and the ecological scheduling model under six ecological constraints. The guarantee degree can be increased by 60%, 80%, 40%, 60%, 70%, respectively. The corresponding loss rate of electricity is only 2.01%, 1.13%, 1.28%, 1.47%, 2.16%, 2.08%.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TV697.1

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