本文選題：滇東山原區(qū) + 巖溶水文地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)　； 參考：《成都理工大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：水庫(kù)滲漏是巖溶地區(qū)最復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題之一,至今仍是大家關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn),是直接影響水庫(kù)能否成庫(kù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的關(guān)鍵因素。滇東山原區(qū)地形地貌條件獨(dú)特,山地與盆地相間分布,地勢(shì)整體平坦開(kāi)闊,切割較淺,而四周河谷深切,地勢(shì)陡降數(shù)百米;構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,褶皺開(kāi)闊平緩,陡傾角斷裂交織發(fā)育;碳酸鹽巖廣布,巖溶發(fā)育。滇東山原區(qū)的地質(zhì)環(huán)境條件復(fù)雜,水庫(kù)巖溶滲漏的水動(dòng)力條件因山原周邊深切河谷的存在而顯著不同。此外,山原區(qū)于20世紀(jì)50-60年代建成的水庫(kù)大多存在巖溶滲漏病害問(wèn)題。顯然地,對(duì)這樣復(fù)雜背景下的水利工程巖溶滲漏問(wèn)題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,是十分有意義的。論文基于系統(tǒng)工程地質(zhì)研究的觀點(diǎn),深化了高原分水嶺地帶及河谷斜坡地帶巖溶發(fā)育的獨(dú)特性以及控制因素,劃分了滇東山原區(qū)的主要巖溶水文地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)類型和含水系統(tǒng)類型,總結(jié)了研究區(qū)內(nèi)巖溶水流動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的類型和特點(diǎn)。在對(duì)區(qū)內(nèi)20余個(gè)既有病害水庫(kù)水文地質(zhì)-工程水文地質(zhì)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了山原區(qū)內(nèi)水庫(kù)滲漏的地質(zhì)模式,并結(jié)合擬建黑灘河水庫(kù)的工程特點(diǎn),構(gòu)建了山原區(qū)水庫(kù)滲漏的評(píng)判方法和流程,進(jìn)行了防滲論證,為黑灘河水利工程的論證提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。最終得到了以下的重要結(jié)論:(1)根據(jù)山原區(qū)內(nèi)地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)特征(巖溶層組和非巖溶層組的空間展布關(guān)系)、地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和巖溶水動(dòng)力單元三者在空間上的組合情況,將區(qū)內(nèi)的水文地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)主要?jiǎng)澐譃橐韵氯N類型:①均勻狀純碳酸鹽巖平緩褶皺型,②斷裂構(gòu)造控制型,③間互狀褶皺構(gòu)造型。山原區(qū)內(nèi)的含水系統(tǒng)可分為單層含水系統(tǒng)和多層含水系統(tǒng)兩類。(2)山原區(qū)的地下水交替循環(huán)主要包括兩種模式:①盆地、谷地就近排泄型;②向深切河谷遠(yuǎn)端排泄型。其中,盆地、谷地就近排泄型可細(xì)分為匯水盆地型和匯水-徑流盆地型;向深切河谷遠(yuǎn)端排泄型可細(xì)分為直接向區(qū)域侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面排泄型和向深切割支流排泄型兩類。在山原區(qū)邊緣地帶,地表徑流往往轉(zhuǎn)化為地下徑流,以巖溶大泉或暗河形式在區(qū)域侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面附近排泄。這種水資源系統(tǒng)源于大氣降水,地表徑流與地下水流之間從腹地到邊緣的轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程,是滇東山原區(qū)較為特別的“三水”轉(zhuǎn)化形式。(3)研究區(qū)內(nèi)的地下水流系統(tǒng)分屬牛欄江、南盤江、北盤江三個(gè)二級(jí)巖溶地下水流系統(tǒng)。其中,牛欄江和北盤江的三級(jí)巖溶地下水流系統(tǒng)類型主要為巖溶大泉型和地下河型;南盤江則以支流型三級(jí)地下水流系統(tǒng)為主,其四級(jí)地下水系統(tǒng)則多為巖溶大泉型和地下河型。(4)牛欄江和北盤江的三級(jí)巖溶水流動(dòng)系統(tǒng)類型(巖溶大泉型和地下河型),按照地下水流徑流的串聯(lián)關(guān)系過(guò)程,可以將系統(tǒng)自上游源到下游匯細(xì)分為三個(gè)四級(jí)地下水流系統(tǒng),包括:①淺表層段巖溶水流系統(tǒng),地下水排入局部侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面,系統(tǒng)內(nèi)地表有小流量的泉出露;②深部段巖溶水流系統(tǒng),地下水不受局部侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面控制,該段地表水系為懸谷,地表基無(wú)泉點(diǎn)出露;③伏流段巖溶水流系統(tǒng),既匯入地表徑流的水量又匯入深部段的地下水流,同時(shí)又得到本段內(nèi)地下水的補(bǔ)給。(5)山原區(qū)的水庫(kù)滲漏既有可溶巖地區(qū)的,也有非可溶巖地區(qū)的,并以可溶巖地區(qū)的水庫(kù)滲漏危害更為顯著。根據(jù)滲漏部位、滲漏介質(zhì)、滲漏距離的差異,山原區(qū)的水庫(kù)巖溶滲漏可劃分為常規(guī)滲漏型和向遠(yuǎn)端-深切割侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面滲漏型兩大類。向遠(yuǎn)端-深切割侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面滲漏型具有滲漏距離遠(yuǎn),相對(duì)落差大的特點(diǎn),是區(qū)內(nèi)一類獨(dú)特的滲漏模式。(6)針對(duì)山原區(qū)向遠(yuǎn)端-深切割侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面滲漏類型的評(píng)判,提出巖溶含水系統(tǒng)的空間分布和蓄水前后巖溶水流動(dòng)系統(tǒng)邊界的改變是重要的評(píng)判因素,尤其是巖溶含水系統(tǒng)與遠(yuǎn)端-深切的區(qū)域排泄基準(zhǔn)面的連通性是評(píng)判向遠(yuǎn)端-深切割侵蝕基準(zhǔn)面滲漏類型的重要因素。黑灘河水庫(kù)在正常蓄水后,原淺表層段巖溶水流系統(tǒng)和深部段巖溶水流系統(tǒng)之間的分水嶺邊界消失,形成了統(tǒng)一的地下水流動(dòng)系統(tǒng),庫(kù)水向菱角塘暗河的滲漏發(fā)生,滲漏量大,程度嚴(yán)重。(7)巖溶水庫(kù)的防滲處置應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際地質(zhì)條件,選取技術(shù)可行,經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的防滲方案。黑灘河水庫(kù)區(qū)采取的防滲帷幕方案,布置在滲漏的重點(diǎn)部位。通過(guò)數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算了不同深度時(shí)的滲漏量和防滲投入,并作經(jīng)濟(jì)性對(duì)比,提出了適宜的帷幕深度(占滲漏巖體厚度的60%),為黑灘河水利工程的論證提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Reservoir leakage is one of the most complicated problems in karst area. It is still the focus of attention, which is the key factor that directly affects the reservoir formation and economic benefits. The terrain and geomorphic conditions of the original area of the East Yunnan mountain are unique, the mountain and the basin are distributed, the whole terrain is flat and open, the cutting is shallow, and the surrounding valley is deep and the terrain steeply descends hundreds of meters. The structure is complex, the folds open and smooth, the steep dip fracture interlaced, the carbonate rock widely distributed, the karst development. The geological environment conditions of the original area of Dongshan mountain are complex, the hydrodynamic conditions of the reservoir karst leakage are significantly different because of the existence of the deep cut valley in the original mountains. In addition, most of the reservoirs built in the 50-60 years of twentieth Century have karst seepage. Obviously, it is of great significance to systematically study the karst seepage problems of water conservancy projects under such complex background. Based on the viewpoint of systematic engineering geology, the paper deepens the uniqueness and control factors of karst development in the Plateau Watershed and the valley slope zone, and divides the main areas of the East Yunnan. The types and characteristics of karst hydrogeological structure and water bearing system are summarized. On the basis of the hydrogeology, engineering and hydrogeological analysis of more than 20 damaged reservoirs in the area, the geological model of the reservoir leakage in the original mountain area is put forward, and the engineering characteristics of the proposed heir reservoir are combined. The evaluation method and process of the seepage of the reservoir in the original mountain area were built, the proof of seepage prevention was carried out, and the scientific basis was provided for the demonstration of the Hetan river water conservancy project. Finally, the following important conclusions were obtained: (1) according to the geological structure characteristics in the original area of the mountain, the geological structure and the karst hydrodynamic force Dan Yuansan are based on the relationship between the karst layer and the non karst layer. In the combination of space, the hydrogeological structure in the area is divided into three types: (1) homogeneous pure carbonate flat folds, control type of fracture structure and interform fold structure. The water bearing system in the original area can be divided into one layer water bearing system and two kinds of water bearing system. (2) ground water in the original mountain area The alternate cycle mainly includes two modes: (1) the basin, the valley is near the excretory type, and the second is to the distal drainage type of the deep valley. In the basin, the near excretory type can be subdivided into the sink basin and the water flow basin type, and the distal excretory type to the deep cut valley can be subdivided into the direct regional erosion datum discharge type and the deep cut tributary discharge. The surface runoff is often converted into underground runoff in the marginal zone of Shanyuan area, which is excreted near the regional erosion base surface in the form of the karst great spring or the dark river. This water resource system is derived from the atmospheric precipitation, the process of the transition from the hinterland to the edge between the surface runoff and the groundwater flow, which is a more special "three water" transfer in the original area of East Mountain. (3) the groundwater flow system in the study area belongs to the three two grade karst groundwater flow systems in the Niu Lun River, the South Pan Jiang River and the North Pan Jiang River. Among them, the three grade karst groundwater flow system in the Niu Lun River and the North Pan River is mainly the karst big spring and the underground river type; the South Pan River is mainly supported by the support flow type three groundwater system, and its fourth level groundwater The system is mostly the karst big spring type and the underground river type. (4) the three grade karst water flow system of the Niu Lun River and the North Pan River (the karst big spring type and the underground river type). According to the series relationship process of the groundwater flow and runoff, the system can be subdivided into three four grade groundwater flow systems from the upstream source to the downstream sink, including: 1. Shallow layer karst water flow In the system, the groundwater is discharged into the local erosion datum surface, and the surface of the system has a small flow of spring out of the surface, and the deep Duan Yanrong flow system, the groundwater is not controlled by the local erosion datum surface, the surface water system of this section is a suspended Valley, the surface base is unexposed, and the karst flow system of the surface runoff is remitted to the deep section of the surface of the surface. (5) the seepage of the reservoir in the original area of the mountain has both the karst area and the non soluble rock area, and the reservoir leakage damage of the karst area is more obvious. The karst leakage of the reservoir in the original area can be divided into the conventional seepage type and the leakage type according to the leakage position, the leakage medium and the leakage distance. There are two major types of leakage in the base surface of the distal deep cutting erosion. The leakage distance to the base surface of the distal deep cutting is far away and the relative falling difference is a unique type of seepage model in the region. (6) the spatial distribution and storage of the karst water bearing system are put forward in view of the evaluation of the seepage type of the remote and deep cut erosion datum surface in the original mountain area. The change of the boundary of the karst water flow system before and after the water is an important factor, especially the connection between the karst water bearing system and the distal deep area discharge datum is an important factor to judge the leakage type of the distal and deep cutting base surface. After the normal water storage, the karst water system and the deep section of the shallow surface section of the reservoir are in the normal water storage. The watershed boundary between the karst water flow system disappears and forms a unified groundwater flow system. The leakage of reservoir water to the dark river in the chestnut pond occurs, the leakage is large and the degree is serious. (7) the seepage prevention and disposal of the karst reservoir should be based on the actual geological conditions and select the feasible and economical seepage prevention scheme. The scheme is arranged in the key parts of the leakage. Through numerical simulation, the leakage and seepage control input at different depths are calculated, and the economic comparison is made. The suitable curtain depth (60% of the thickness of the seepage rock mass) is put forward, which provides a scientific basis for the demonstration of the Hetan river water conservancy project.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：成都理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TV221.2;TV697.32

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