本文選題：延河 + 植被��； 參考：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院（教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心）》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：針對(duì)黃河中游2000年以來(lái)出現(xiàn)的水沙銳減現(xiàn)象，以及植被減水減沙效益的定量估算問(wèn)題，本研究以黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)延河流域?yàn)檠芯繀^(qū)，分析延河流域1960-2010年間的流域徑流量輸沙量的變化特征，及其與降雨關(guān)系的變遷。同時(shí)，獲取流域1970-2010年間流域的遙感影像，提取流域下墊面信息，分析植被變化與徑流泥沙的關(guān)系，以及流域景觀格局與水土流失的相關(guān)性。并結(jié)合歷史文獻(xiàn)從數(shù)量上分離出人工植被與自然恢復(fù)植被，基于水保法得到人工植被與自然植被的減水減沙效益。同時(shí)，研究選取了修正后的Morgan-Duzant（MD）版Morgan-Morgan-Finney（MMF）模型（2008年提出），結(jié)合延河流域地形、植被數(shù)據(jù)及室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)模型參數(shù)進(jìn)行率定，利用模型估算了流域的年徑流量與年輸沙量，對(duì)由遙感影像提取的植被因子與流域水沙進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析，并利用相鄰時(shí)期的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了情景模擬，估算植被與降雨因素對(duì)流域來(lái)水來(lái)沙的影響。具體結(jié)論如下： （1）1960-1970年間延河流域徑流輸沙為劇烈上升期，1970-1996年為波動(dòng)上升期，之后來(lái)水來(lái)沙開始下降，年徑流量年與輸沙量的線性擬合方程為y=4469.4x-5028.3（x-徑流量，y-輸沙量），R2=0.8747。流域中游和下游站點(diǎn)水沙變化趨勢(shì)一致，但變異程度不同。1982-1996年間甘谷驛站的年徑流量變化程度超過(guò)了延安站，1982-1996年間延安站以上來(lái)水增加較劇烈，而1996年以后延安站以上來(lái)水減少較劇烈。 （2）70年代末延河流域耕地面積達(dá)5128.83km2，至2010年減少為1232.11km2，流域景觀本底已由耕地轉(zhuǎn)化為林草植被�；貧w分析結(jié)果表明，流域水沙隨林草植被總面積增加、耕地面積減少均呈拋物線下降的趨勢(shì)。景觀格局分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，年徑流量與耕地的斑塊數(shù)量、密度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，，而與其最大斑塊指數(shù)和聚集度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系，年輸沙量與耕地聚集度存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系；城鎮(zhèn)的斑塊數(shù)量、密度與年徑流量、年輸沙量存在顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。 （3）基于“水保法”估算人工植被與自然植被的水沙效益，結(jié)果表明2003-2005年與1980年代相比，人工林草植被減少?gòu)搅?.228億m3，減少泥沙543.478萬(wàn)t，而自然恢復(fù)植被減少?gòu)搅?.121億m3，減少泥沙152.970萬(wàn)t。結(jié)合雙累積曲線法結(jié)果，就人類干擾對(duì)水沙的影響而言，其中人工植被對(duì)徑流、泥沙變化的貢獻(xiàn)分別為46.94%、30.64%，而自然恢復(fù)植被對(duì)減水、減沙的貢獻(xiàn)分別占24.97%、8.62%，剩余為其他水利水保措施的作用。 （4）MD版MMF模型對(duì)延河流域年徑流量模擬效果較好，相對(duì)誤差范圍在-26.41%至17.25%。結(jié)合延河流域的淤地壩、梯田等數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)輸沙量模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行修正，修正后模擬的相對(duì)誤差范圍提高到-28.82%至45.13%。利用模型對(duì)不同時(shí)期的情景模擬表明，相鄰時(shí)期植被對(duì)輸沙量的影響在12%-30%之間，與“水保法”計(jì)算結(jié)果基本一致。 （5）植被覆蓋度不能完全反映植被的水土保持作用，本研究對(duì)植被覆蓋度、截留率、林下降雨侵蝕力和坡面沉積率等直接或間接植被因子與徑流泥沙的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果表明，徑流量與植被覆蓋度的相關(guān)性較弱，而與截留率、林下降雨侵蝕力和坡面沉積率等間接植被因子相關(guān)性較強(qiáng)，相關(guān)系數(shù)平均值分別為-0.335，-0.54，-0.449。植被以綜合作用的方式減少地表產(chǎn)流。輸沙量與植被覆蓋度的相關(guān)性較高，平均相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.418，而與其他植被因子的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.27，-0.288，-0.17。輸沙量主要受植被覆蓋度影響，表明延河流域植被對(duì)泥沙運(yùn)移的攔阻作用主要體現(xiàn)在植被的類型與數(shù)量上。
[Abstract]:In view of the sharp decrease of water and sediment in the middle reaches of the middle reaches of the Yellow River since 2000 and the quantitative estimation of the benefit of vegetation reduction and sediment reduction, this study takes the Yanhe River Basin in the Loess Hilly and gully region as the study area to analyze the change characteristics of the runoff and sediment transport in the valley of the Yanhe River Basin in 1960-2010 years, and the changes in the relationship with the rainfall. At the same time, 1970 of the river basin are obtained. In the period of -2010, the remote sensing images of the basin extracted the information of the underlying surface of the basin, analyzed the relationship between the vegetation change and the runoff and sediment, and the correlation between the landscape pattern of the basin and the soil erosion, and separated the artificial vegetation and the natural restoration vegetation from the historical literature, and the water reduction and sediment reduction effect of artificial vegetation and natural vegetation based on the water conservation method. At the same time, the revised Morgan-Duzant (MD) version of Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) model was selected (proposed in 2008). The model parameters were determined by combining the terrain of the Yanhe River Basin, the vegetation data and the laboratory data, and the annual runoff and the annual sediment volume were estimated by the model, and the vegetation factor and the watershed extracted from remote sensing images were estimated. The correlation analysis of water and sediment was carried out, and the effects of vegetation and rainfall on water and sediment in the basin were estimated by using the data of the adjacent period.
(1) the runoff and sediment transport in the Yanhe River Basin in 1960-1970 years is rising sharply, the 1970-1996 year is the fluctuation period, and then the runoff and sediment begin to decline. The linear fitting equation of annual runoff year and sediment transport is y=4469.4x-5028.3 (x- runoff, y- sediment), and the trend of water and sediment change in the middle and downstream sites of the R2=0.8747. basin is the same, but the variation degree is different. In the period of.1982-1996, the change degree of annual runoff in Gangu post station was more than that of the YanAn Railway Station, and the increase of water increased violently in the last 1982-1996 years.
(2) the area of arable land in the Yanhe River Basin reached 5128.83km2 at the end of 70s and decreased to 1232.11km2 in 2010. The landscape of the river basin was transformed from cultivated land to forest and grass vegetation. The regression analysis showed that the water and sediment in the basin increased with the total area of the forest and grass vegetation and the decrease of the cultivated land area. The landscape pattern analysis found that annual runoff and cultivated land were found. There is a negative correlation between the number of patches and the density of the patches, but there is a positive correlation with the maximum plaque index and aggregation degree. There is a positive correlation between the annual sediment transport and the accumulation degree of cultivated land, and there is a significant positive correlation between the number of urban patches, the density and annual runoff, and the annual sediment transport.
(3) the water and sediment benefits of artificial vegetation and natural vegetation were estimated based on the "water conservation law". The results showed that compared with the 2003-2005 years in 1980s, the plantation vegetation reduced the runoff by 22 million 800 thousand M3 and the sediment 5 million 434 thousand and 780 T, while the natural restoration vegetation reduced the runoff by 12 million 100 thousand M3, and reduced the sediment 1 million 529 thousand and 700 T. combined with the double cumulative curve method. In terms of the effect of water and sediment, the contribution of artificial vegetation to runoff and sediment change is 46.94%, 30.64% respectively, while the contribution of Natural Restoration Vegetation to water reduction and sediment reduction is 24.97% and 8.62% respectively, and the rest is the role of other water conservation measures.
(4) the MD MMF model has a better simulation effect on the annual runoff in the Yanhe River Basin. The relative error ranges from -26.41% to 17.25%. combined with the silt dam in Yanhe River Basin and the terrace data to modify the sediment transport simulation results, and the relative error range of the modified simulation is increased to -28.82% to 45.13%. The influence of vegetation on sediment transport in the adjacent period is between 12%-30%, which is basically the same as that calculated by the "water conservation law".
(5) the vegetation coverage does not fully reflect the soil and water conservation effect of vegetation. The correlation of vegetation coverage, interception rate, rainfall erosivity and slope deposition rate is analyzed in this study. The results show that the correlation between runoff and vegetation coverage is weak, with interception rate and forest decline. The correlation between rain erosion force and slope deposition rate is strong, and the mean values of correlation coefficient are -0.335, -0.54 and -0.449., respectively. The correlation between vegetation coverage and sediment transport is higher, and the correlation coefficient is -0.418, and the correlation coefficient with other vegetation factors is -0.27, -0.28, respectively, respectively. 8, the -0.17. sediment discharge is mainly affected by vegetation coverage, indicating that the arresting effect of vegetation on sediment transport in the Yanhe River Basin is mainly reflected in the type and quantity of vegetation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院（教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心）
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：P333;Q948

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