氣候變化對美國麻州水資源系統(tǒng)供水量影響風(fēng)險評價研究
本文選題:氣候變化 + 水資源系統(tǒng) ; 參考:《哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文
【摘要】:自工業(yè)革命以來,大氣中的二氧化碳含量不斷增加,改變了氣候系統(tǒng)原有的能量平衡,致使全球氣候發(fā)生改變。水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)作為氣候系統(tǒng)的一個重要組成部分,在全球氣候系統(tǒng)發(fā)生變化的同時,水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)也必將受到影響,最終導(dǎo)致全球水資源的時空分配發(fā)生變化。目前,氣候變化對水資源的影響受到了國際上的廣泛關(guān)注,已開展了大量研究。 現(xiàn)有的研究多利用大氣環(huán)流模式(GCM)獲得未來氣象要素數(shù)據(jù),直接輸入到相應(yīng)的水文模型或者水資源模型中來評價氣候變化對水資源系統(tǒng)的影響,但此類方法在減少GCM不確定性及解決GCM數(shù)據(jù)有限性問題方面存在缺陷。針對目前研究方法體系的不足,本研究提出一種新的評價方法——反向法,該方法不僅能夠充分利用多種GCM來減少單一GCM所帶來的不確定性問題,而且能夠有效結(jié)合GCM數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確和隨機(jī)模型產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)量大的優(yōu)勢,并可同時量化氣候要素和水文要素的統(tǒng)計要素對水資源系統(tǒng)的影響。本研究將該方法應(yīng)用于美國麻州水資源系統(tǒng)(MWRA)和我國云南省騎馬嶺水庫,取得了較為滿意的結(jié)果。主要研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)論如下: (1)通過對MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行深入分析,構(gòu)建了MWRA水資源模型,同時利用基準(zhǔn)期的觀測數(shù)據(jù)對模型的模擬能力進(jìn)行了檢驗。 (2)根據(jù)水資源數(shù)據(jù)的特點,構(gòu)建了逐一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化時間序列模型(ARMA),利用MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)中1950~1999年Quabbin水庫的流域凈流量(地表徑流-水庫實際蒸散量),,對ARMA模型和周期時間序列模型(PARMA)的參數(shù)進(jìn)行估計,通過對比證明ARMA模型的模擬能力整體上優(yōu)于PARMA模型。 (3)為了進(jìn)行全面研究,分別選取IPCC提供的高、中、低三種溫室氣體排放情景即A2情景、A1B情景和B1情景,共112種GCM對MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)所在區(qū)域的降水量和氣溫進(jìn)行預(yù)測,多數(shù)GCM結(jié)果顯示該區(qū)域在2050s時段(2036~2065年)和2080s時段(2066~2095年)的降水量和氣溫較基準(zhǔn)期(1950~1999年)有所增加。 (4)利用MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)在基準(zhǔn)期的觀測值對水文模型ABCD的參數(shù)進(jìn)行了校驗,利用GCM獲得的氣象要素驅(qū)動ABCD水文模型來對MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)所在區(qū)域未來水文變化進(jìn)行模擬預(yù)測,結(jié)果顯示月流域凈流量均值與基準(zhǔn)年觀測值的差值在不同月份存在差異,年流域凈流量的均值與基準(zhǔn)年觀測值的差值則無顯著變化。 (5)選用可靠度作為MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)的評級指數(shù),采用反向法對MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)在未來兩個時段由氣候變化引起的風(fēng)險進(jìn)行評價,最終結(jié)果顯示:當(dāng)流域凈流量年際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差為基準(zhǔn)期觀測值的100%、110%、120%、130%和140%的情況下,未來兩個時段MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)在A2情景、A1B情景和B1情景下均呈現(xiàn)為高風(fēng)險值。麻州水資源委員會應(yīng)根據(jù)情況對MWRA水資源系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)整以應(yīng)對未來氣候變化可能帶來的負(fù)面影響。 (6)為探究反向法的適用性,將反向法應(yīng)用于我國云南省境內(nèi)的騎馬嶺水庫,通過已建立的氣候響應(yīng)方程和可靠度指數(shù)的閾值,對關(guān)鍵因子的閾值進(jìn)行了識別:在基準(zhǔn)期(1960~2004年)觀測值年際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差100%、110%、120%、130%和140%的情況下,流域凈流量年均值的閾值分別為基準(zhǔn)期觀測值的92.8%、94.3%、95.9%、97.4%和99.0%,閾值的識別為該地區(qū)制定政策減弱氣候變化對水庫影響提供了理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Since the industrial revolution , the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere has continuously increased , the original energy balance of the climate system has been changed , and the global climate has changed . As an important part of the climate system , the water circulation system will also be affected , which will eventually lead to the change of the space - time distribution of global water resources . At present , the impact of climate change on water resources has been widely concerned internationally , and a lot of research has been carried out .
This paper presents a new evaluation method _ inverse method to reduce GCM uncertainty and solve the problem of GCM data limitation . This method can not only make full use of multiple GCM to reduce the uncertainty caused by single GCM , but also quantify the influence of climatic elements and hydrological factors on water resources system .
( 1 ) By deeply analyzing MWRA water resources system , MWRA water resources model is constructed , and the simulation ability of the model is checked by using the observation data of the reference period .
( 2 ) Based on the characteristics of water resources data , a standardized time series model is constructed . The water net flow ( surface runoff - reservoir actual evapotranspiration ) of Quabbin reservoir in MWRA water resources system is used to estimate the parameters of the model ( PARMA ) model and the cycle time series model ( PARMA ) . By comparison , the simulation ability is better than the PARMA model .
( 3 ) In order to carry out a comprehensive study , three GHG emission scenarios , namely , A2 Scenario , A1B Scenario and B1 Scenario , were selected for IPCC , and 112 species of GCM predicted the precipitation and air temperature in the area where MWRA water resources were located . Most of the GCM results showed an increase in precipitation and air temperature during 2050s ( 2036 - 2065 ) and 2080s ( 2066 - 2095 ) ( 1950 - 1999 ) .
( 4 ) Using the MWRA water resources system , the parameters of the hydrological model ABCD are verified by using the observation value of the water resource system of MWRA , and the hydrological model of the water resources system in MWRA is predicted by using the meteorological elements obtained by GCM . The results show that the difference between the mean value of net flow and the observation value in the baseline year is different in different months , and the difference between the mean value of the annual net flow and the observation value of the baseline year has no significant change .
( 5 ) Using the reliability as the rating index of MWRA water resources system , the risk of MWRA water resources system in the next two periods is evaluated by reverse method . The results show that the MWRA water resources system in the next two periods is high - risk value in the context of A2 , A1B and B1 scenarios when the annual standard variance of net flow in the basin is 100 % , 110 % , 120 % , 130 % and 140 % .
( 6 ) In order to study the applicability of the inversion method , the threshold of the key factor is identified by applying the inverse method to the horse - riding ridge reservoir in Yunnan Province , and the threshold value of the key factor is identified through the established threshold of the climate response equation and the reliability index : the threshold value of the annual mean value of the net flow in the basin is 92.8 % , 94.3 % , 95.9 % , 97.4 % and 99 . 0 % of the reference period respectively , and the recognition of the threshold provides a theoretical basis for the region to formulate policies to reduce the influence of climate change on the reservoir .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:TV213.4
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