本文選題：瑪納斯河流域 + 可持續(xù)利用　； 參考：《石河子大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：水資源是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)自然資源，水資源的不可替代性和稀缺性還決定了其也是戰(zhàn)略性經(jīng)濟(jì)資源。人口的迅速增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的快速發(fā)展對水資源的需求不斷增加，水資源已經(jīng)演變?yōu)楫?dāng)代社會的“瓶頸”，嚴(yán)重地制約著一個地區(qū)、國家乃至全球的發(fā)展。水資源問題已經(jīng)成為21世紀(jì)全世界普遍關(guān)注的首要資源環(huán)境問題。在人類生活中，大肆開采、破壞水資源，最終出現(xiàn)全球性的水資源污染問題和水資源短缺等問題。為了解決這些問題，提高人民群眾生活水平，保證生態(tài)環(huán)境、資源和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，必須尋找一種新的發(fā)展觀念和模式，可持續(xù)發(fā)展成為一種必然的選擇。水資源可持續(xù)利用是可持續(xù)發(fā)展框架下水資源的利用方式，是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要保障。 瑪納斯河流域處于新疆天山北坡中段、準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地南緣，是新疆和西北干旱地區(qū)具有代表性的內(nèi)陸河流域�，敿{斯河流域已被開墾為新疆最大的綠洲農(nóng)耕區(qū)和我國第四大灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，流域自然環(huán)境特點(diǎn)、結(jié)構(gòu)和綠洲社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展在新疆均具有典型的代表性。瑪納斯河流域內(nèi)包含以下六個行政區(qū)：昌吉州的瑪納斯縣、塔城地區(qū)的沙灣縣、石河子市、兵團(tuán)第八師、第六師的新湖總場以及克拉瑪依市的小拐鄉(xiāng)。流域已經(jīng)成為新疆天山北坡經(jīng)濟(jì)帶最活躍的區(qū)域之一，流域水資源的開發(fā)利用促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，提高了當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裆钏�；但在水資源利用中農(nóng)業(yè)用水比例大，工業(yè)用水、生活用水被農(nóng)業(yè)用水?dāng)D占，為發(fā)展工業(yè)和滿足生活需求，生態(tài)用水又被工業(yè)、生活用水?dāng)D占，水資源供需矛盾問題日趨突出。流域內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了區(qū)域地下水位下降、植被退化、河流斷流、土地沙漠化、土地板結(jié)和鹽堿化等生態(tài)問題，威脅著流域的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，已危及當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊纳妗Ｈ绾魏侠砝盟Y源以達(dá)到人—水—生態(tài)和諧發(fā)展是流域可持續(xù)發(fā)展的核心。針對目前研究的不足，將虛擬水加入瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用研究中，從水資源管理制度、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化和其他方面提出一些對策和建議，以期為流域水資源可持續(xù)利用提供一些有價值的思考。 本文首先對瑪納斯河流域概況進(jìn)行了介紹，對瑪納斯河流域的自然環(huán)境、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展概況等進(jìn)行了介紹，對水資源現(xiàn)狀、水利工程現(xiàn)狀和水資源利用現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了分析。然后對瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用水平進(jìn)行了評價，評價指標(biāo)體系從水資源系統(tǒng)、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)和生態(tài)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)三方面構(gòu)建，并在水資源系統(tǒng)中引入虛擬水，對水資源通過實體水和虛擬水兩方面進(jìn)行綜合評價。根據(jù)評價結(jié)果對瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用中存在的問題進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，進(jìn)一步定量和定性分析了影響水資源可持續(xù)利用的影響因素。在借鑒國內(nèi)外研究經(jīng)驗的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用的制度優(yōu)化及對策。 本文的主要結(jié)論如下：（1）瑪納斯河流域水資源利用結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，農(nóng)業(yè)用水比重過高，水資源管理中存在多龍管水，河道被分割管理，逐利行為，缺少民主參與，農(nóng)業(yè)水價低、不能補(bǔ)償供水成本等問題。（2）瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用水平逐漸下降，構(gòu)建的評價指標(biāo)體系得分逐年下降，指標(biāo)體系中虛擬水輸出量權(quán)重最高，說明虛擬水對瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用有較大影響。流域內(nèi)主要農(nóng)作物虛擬水含量中棉花最高、蔬菜最低，作物單位虛擬水含量逐步下降，但總的虛擬水含量在增加，也即流域內(nèi)大量的水資源通過虛擬水的方式輸送出去，對水資源可持續(xù)利用產(chǎn)生較大壓力。（3）影響瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用的主要因素包括：虛擬水輸出量、三次產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、污水處理率，水權(quán)管理制度、水價管理制度和水資源管理體制。（4）水資源管理制度是影響流域水資源可持續(xù)利用的重要因素，水權(quán)的界定和分配是實現(xiàn)水資源可持續(xù)利用的基礎(chǔ)，瑪河流域水權(quán)分配的優(yōu)先序為：生活用水、生態(tài)用水和生產(chǎn)用水。新型的水價管理機(jī)制是實現(xiàn)水資源可持續(xù)管理的另一個途徑，按照農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、生活、綠化用水設(shè)立不同的水價，并實行季節(jié)差價等價格浮動機(jī)制；流域內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)水價過低，，在農(nóng)戶承受范圍內(nèi)逐步提高農(nóng)業(yè)水價是有效的經(jīng)濟(jì)手段�，敽恿饔虻靥幈鴪F(tuán)和地方，涉及兵地矛盾，流域水資源管理中存在管理機(jī)構(gòu)與行政區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu)以及行政區(qū)域內(nèi)其他涉水部門的矛盾，借鑒國內(nèi)外的經(jīng)驗，在現(xiàn)階段實行流域管理與區(qū)域管理緊密結(jié)合的方式，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)溝通和協(xié)調(diào)。當(dāng)條件成熟時可以參考田納西河流域的管理，考慮建立綜合性的瑪河流域管理委員會。（5）影響瑪河流域水資源可持續(xù)利用的另一個重要因素是產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，目前流域內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)比重過大，農(nóng)業(yè)又是用水大戶，通過優(yōu)化三次產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)可以實現(xiàn)水資源的合理配置，流域內(nèi)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步降低農(nóng)業(yè)比重，提高二產(chǎn)和三產(chǎn)的比重。虛擬水的輸出是水資源系統(tǒng)中指標(biāo)權(quán)重最大的因素，因此基于虛擬水對流域內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化可以實現(xiàn)水資源的可持續(xù)利用。 由于能力有限，本文還存在很多不足之處：由于數(shù)據(jù)搜集困難，僅選取了每隔5年一個時期的數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)不具有連續(xù)性；在對流域內(nèi)主要畜產(chǎn)品虛擬水測算時由于計算數(shù)據(jù)難獲取，借鑒了其他學(xué)者的研究成果，可能與流域內(nèi)結(jié)果有一定差異；水資源可持續(xù)利用指標(biāo)選取中考慮到可操作性部分有效的指標(biāo)并未入選；由于理論基礎(chǔ)有所欠缺，對水資源可持續(xù)利用的制度分析深度不夠，有待加深。
[Abstract]:Water resources are the basic natural resources for the survival and development of human beings . The non - substitutability and scarcity of water resources also decide that they are also strategic economic resources . The rapid growth of the population and the rapid development of the economy and society have made the demand for water resources increasing . The problem of water resources has become the primary resource environmental problem that the whole world pays attention to in the 21st century . In order to solve these problems and to guarantee the harmonious development of the ecological environment , the resources and the social and economic system , it is necessary to find a new development concept and pattern , and the sustainable development becomes a necessary choice . The sustainable use of water resources is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of the national economy and society .

Manas River Basin is located in the middle section of the Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang . The southern margin of Junggar Basin is a representative inland river basin in the arid areas of Xinjiang and Northwest China . The Manas River Basin has been cultivated as one of the most active areas in Xinjiang and the fourth - largest irrigated agriculture area of China . The basin has become one of the most active areas in the northern slope of Xinjiang Tianshan Mountains . The basin has become one of the most active areas in the northern slope of Xinjiang Tianshan Mountains . The development and utilization of water resources in the basin has promoted the rapid development of the economy and improved the living standards of the local people .
This paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable use of water resources management system , industrial structure optimization and other aspects , with a view to providing some valuable thinking for the sustainable use of water resources in the basin .

This paper introduces the general situation of Manas River Basin , introduces the natural environment and social and economic development of Manas River Basin , and analyses the present situation of water resources , the current situation of water conservancy projects and the utilization of water resources . The paper summarizes the problems existing in the sustainable utilization of water resources in the water resources system from the aspects of water resources system , social economic system and ecological environment system .

The main factors affecting the sustainable use of water resources in the basin include : virtual water output , tertiary industry structure , agricultural internal structure , sewage treatment rate , water rights management system , water price management system and water resources management system .
The agricultural water price in the river basin is too low , and it is an effective economic means to gradually raise the agricultural water price within the scope of the farmer ' s acceptance .

Due to the limited ability , there are many deficiencies in this paper : due to the difficulty of data gathering , only every five years of data is selected , and the data has no continuity ;
In the calculation of the virtual water of the main livestock products in the basin , it may be different from the results of other scholars because of the difficulty in obtaining the data and drawing on the research results of other scholars .
The index of sustainable utilization of water resources takes into account that the operative part of the index is not selected ;
Due to the lack of theoretical foundation , the systematic analysis of sustainable utilization of water resources is not enough and needs to be deepened .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TV213.9


本文編號：1992560