本文選題：裂隙 + 非飽和滲流�。� 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：裂隙非飽和滲流及摩擦滑動(dòng)特性研究屬基礎(chǔ)性研究,同時(shí)其研究成果又能應(yīng)用于工程建設(shè)、油氣開(kāi)采、地?zé)衢_(kāi)發(fā)和地震預(yù)警等領(lǐng)域。裂隙非飽和滲流和摩擦滑動(dòng)特性研究的關(guān)鍵在于精確試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)的搭建和高仿真數(shù)值模型的建立。本文以粗糙裂隙為主要研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)數(shù)值試驗(yàn)和物模試驗(yàn)研究裂隙的非飽和滲流以及摩擦滑動(dòng)特性,主要研究?jī)?nèi)容和結(jié)果歸納如下： 1、通過(guò)分形理論構(gòu)建粗糙裂隙面,錯(cuò)距合并兩分形裂隙面并調(diào)整得到一定開(kāi)度分布的單裂隙,然后進(jìn)行單裂隙非飽和滲流數(shù)值模擬。模擬結(jié)果表明,排水曲線和吸水曲線之間存在遲滯現(xiàn)象,排水過(guò)程滯后于吸水過(guò)程；同時(shí)在數(shù)值模型中考慮裂隙-巖塊間的擬穩(wěn)態(tài)水交換,水交換明顯影響裂隙的滲透性；通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的參數(shù)敏感性分析表明：對(duì)裂隙滲透性影響最大的是巖塊的滲透性,其次是巖塊的初始飽和度,最小的是巖塊孔隙率,其影響基本可忽略。 2、研制出一套模擬降雨在單裂隙-基質(zhì)內(nèi)入滲的試驗(yàn)裝置,隨后進(jìn)行非飽和降雨入滲試驗(yàn),觀測(cè)降雨在裂隙和基質(zhì)內(nèi)的流動(dòng)與分布以及裂隙-基質(zhì)間的水力聯(lián)系,分析水力聯(lián)系對(duì)基質(zhì)和裂隙非飽和水力參數(shù)的影響。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：基質(zhì)是降雨入滲的主要通道,裂隙成為隔斷相鄰基質(zhì)間水力聯(lián)系的屏障；但裂隙-基質(zhì)間存在水力交換：裂隙內(nèi)的毛細(xì)阻力導(dǎo)致降雨在裂隙上端累積,一部分累積水流由兩側(cè)進(jìn)入基質(zhì),成為基質(zhì)額外的水源,因此加速了基質(zhì)的飽和進(jìn)程,而延緩了裂隙的飽和進(jìn)程；同時(shí),隨著降雨在基質(zhì)的入滲,裂隙-基質(zhì)間存在水交換,水交換由濕潤(rùn)基質(zhì)向干燥裂隙方向進(jìn)行。通過(guò)比對(duì)試驗(yàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn),裂隙開(kāi)度的增大也會(huì)加速基質(zhì)的飽和。最后成功用VG模型擬合得到基質(zhì)和裂隙的持水特征曲線(毛細(xì)壓力與體積含水率的關(guān)系曲線)。 3、搭建三軸試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng),對(duì)劈裂石灰?guī)r裂隙進(jìn)行剪切滑動(dòng)試驗(yàn)。首先進(jìn)行干、濕試樣滑動(dòng)-控制-滑動(dòng)(SHS)試驗(yàn),研究裂隙摩擦強(qiáng)度在控制狀態(tài)和滑動(dòng)狀態(tài)下的演變過(guò)程。通過(guò)滑動(dòng)-控制-滑動(dòng)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)：裂隙摩擦強(qiáng)度在控制時(shí)段內(nèi)出現(xiàn)明顯的下降,重新滑動(dòng)后強(qiáng)度迅速愈合,呈現(xiàn)明顯的時(shí)間依賴性；摩擦強(qiáng)度降低量和愈合量與控制時(shí)長(zhǎng)成正比,而與有效應(yīng)力成反比；水的作用則體現(xiàn)出兩面性：一方面是水與磨損物發(fā)生膠結(jié)作用,使愈合量增加,另一方面水將磨損物沖出裂隙,使愈合量減小。 4、實(shí)施速度步長(zhǎng)(VS)試驗(yàn),滑動(dòng)速度介于1-6μm/s,研究裂隙的滑動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性。速度步長(zhǎng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：石灰?guī)r裂隙摩擦強(qiáng)度隨速度遞增而穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng),呈現(xiàn)速度強(qiáng)化特性,滑動(dòng)屬穩(wěn)定滑動(dòng)。最后用固定水壓滲透裂隙進(jìn)行滲透試驗(yàn),通過(guò)滲透試驗(yàn)觀察到,裂隙滲透性不僅隨有效應(yīng)力遞增迅速下降,而且在各級(jí)有效應(yīng)力下滲透性亦隨滑動(dòng)逐漸減小,說(shuō)明裂隙在滑動(dòng)過(guò)程中繼續(xù)閉合,并計(jì)算得到相應(yīng)的裂隙閉合速率。 5、建立壓力溶解模型和應(yīng)力腐蝕模型模擬試驗(yàn)中觀察到的摩擦強(qiáng)度愈合現(xiàn)象,分析溶解、沉降、擴(kuò)散和微裂紋擴(kuò)展過(guò)程對(duì)裂隙面的改造和計(jì)算相應(yīng)的裂隙接觸面積增長(zhǎng)率。對(duì)比模擬結(jié)果(接觸面積增長(zhǎng)率)和試驗(yàn)結(jié)果(摩擦強(qiáng)度愈合量)發(fā)現(xiàn),壓力溶解模型低估短控制時(shí)間內(nèi)(1000s)的愈合量,隨控制時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)模擬值逼近試驗(yàn)值,但整體模擬精度不高；加入應(yīng)力腐蝕模型后,模擬結(jié)果改善明顯,不僅提高了短控制時(shí)間內(nèi)的模擬值,模擬值與試驗(yàn)值的變化過(guò)程也趨于一致。
[Abstract]:The research on unsaturated seepage and frictional sliding characteristics of fissure is a basic study, and its research results can also be applied to engineering construction, oil and gas exploitation, geothermal development and earthquake early warning. The key to the research of fracture unsaturated seepage and frictional sliding characteristics lies in the construction of accurate test system and the establishment of high simulation numerical model. Rough fissure is the main research object. Through numerical test and model test, the unsaturated seepage and frictional sliding characteristics of cracks are studied. The main contents and results are summarized as follows:
1, the fractal theory is used to construct the rough fissure surface, the error distance is combined with the split surface, and the single fissure is adjusted to a certain extent. Then the numerical simulation of the unsaturated seepage of the single fissure is carried out. The simulation results show that there is a hysteresis between the drainage curve and the water absorption curve, and the drainage process is lagging behind the water absorption process; at the same time, the numerical model is used in the numerical model. Considering the quasi steady water exchange between the crack and the rock mass, the water exchange obviously affects the permeability of the fissure. Through further parameter sensitivity analysis, it is shown that the permeability of the rock mass is the most affected by the fracture permeability, the second is the initial saturation of the rock block, and the minimum is the rock mass porosity, and the effect is basically negligible.
2, a set of experimental equipment to simulate rainfall in a single fissure matrix infiltration was developed, and then the unsaturated rainfall infiltration test was carried out to observe the flow and distribution of rainfall in the fracture and matrix, and the hydraulic relation between the fracture matrix and the fracture matrix. The influence of hydraulic connections on the unsaturated hydraulic parameters of the matrix and fracture was analyzed. The main channel of rainfall infiltration, the fracture becomes the barrier between the hydraulic connections between adjacent matrices, but there is a hydraulic exchange between the cracks and the matrix: the capillary resistance in the crack leads to the accumulation of rain in the upper end of the fissure, and a part of the accumulated water flows from both sides into the matrix and becomes the extra water source of the matrix, thus accelerating the saturation process of the matrix. At the same time, with the infiltration of the rain in the matrix, there is water exchange between the fracture matrix and the water exchange from the wetting matrix to the dry fissure. It is also found that the increase of the crack opening also accelerates the saturation of the matrix through the comparison test. Finally, the water holding characteristics of the matrix and the fissure are obtained by the VG model. Curves of capillary pressure and volume moisture content.
3, a three axis test system was set up to carry out a shear slide test on split limestone fracture. First, the dry, wet sample sliding control sliding (SHS) test was carried out to study the evolution process of the fracture friction strength under the control state and sliding state. Through sliding control sliding test, the fracture friction strength appeared obvious during the control period. Down, after sliding, the strength quickly healed and showed a distinct time dependence; the amount of friction and the amount of healing were proportional to the control, but inversely proportional to the effective stress; the action of water reflected the two sides: on the one hand, the water was cemented with the abrasive, increased the healing and washed the wear out of the water on the other. The gap reduces the amount of healing.
4, the velocity step length (VS) test was carried out, the sliding velocity was 1-6 Mu and the sliding stability of the crack was studied. The velocity step test results showed that the frictional strength of the limestone increased steadily with the increase of velocity, showing the velocity strengthening characteristic, and the sliding belonged to steady sliding. Finally, the seepage test was carried out with the fixed water pressure seepage fracture, through the penetration test. It is observed that the permeability of fissure not only decreases rapidly with the increase of effective stress, but also decreases with the sliding of the effective stress at all levels, indicating that the fracture continues to close during the sliding process, and the corresponding closing rate of the crack is calculated.
5, the frictional strength healing phenomenon observed in the pressure dissolution model and the stress corrosion model was established, and the solution, settlement, diffusion and microcrack propagation process were reformed and the corresponding fracture contact area growth rate was calculated. The comparison simulation results (contact surface product growth rate) and the test results (the friction strength healing amount) were analyzed. At present, the pressure dissolution model underestimates the healing amount of the short control time (1000s), and the simulated value is approximated with the control time, but the overall simulation accuracy is not high. After adding the stress corrosion model, the simulation results are improved obviously, and the simulated values are not only improved in the short control time, but also the change process of the simulated value and the test value also tends to be consistent.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TV139.1

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