本文選題：坡面植被 + 偏轉(zhuǎn)角　； 參考：《山東科技大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：坡面水流阻力是坡面流水動(dòng)力特性的參數(shù),是模擬坡面產(chǎn)匯流過(guò)程中重要指標(biāo),同時(shí)對(duì)防治坡面水力侵蝕、合理種植防護(hù)林和科學(xué)建設(shè)生態(tài)河流均有重要指導(dǎo)意義。植被是影響坡面水流阻力的重要因素,坡面往往存在各種類型和生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)的植被,這些植被可以改變水流結(jié)構(gòu),增加動(dòng)能損失,減緩水流的流速,進(jìn)而影響坡面水流阻力的變化規(guī)律,因此研究植物對(duì)坡面水流阻力的作用是揭示坡面流水動(dòng)力學(xué)規(guī)律的基礎(chǔ)。由于含植物水流復(fù)雜多變的特性,僅從理論上分析不能準(zhǔn)確掌握植被特性對(duì)坡面水流阻力的影響作用,因此要借助試驗(yàn)手段研究植物對(duì)坡面水流阻力的影響。目前的大部分模擬試驗(yàn)研究了含植物水流的特性變化,并對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析與內(nèi)在規(guī)律總結(jié),只得到一些定性結(jié)果或經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,為了更加精確植物對(duì)水流的作用,仍需要做進(jìn)一步定量研究,以期可以得到普遍適用的定律與公式。本文通過(guò)室內(nèi)定床沖刷試驗(yàn),在變化的水深條件下,模擬研究了植物的不同偏轉(zhuǎn)角和葉片面積在3種坡度(0.00%、0.50%、1.00%)下對(duì)水流阻力特性的影響,分析了雷諾數(shù)、沿程能量損失和水流阻力系數(shù)隨平均水深和試驗(yàn)坡度的變化規(guī)律,進(jìn)而揭示植物偏轉(zhuǎn)角度和葉片面積變化對(duì)水流特性影響的作用機(jī)理。主要得出以下結(jié)論:①植物在水流作用下發(fā)生偏轉(zhuǎn),可以增大水流粘滯力,減小水流慣性力,使水流結(jié)構(gòu)更加平穩(wěn),減小水流的能量損失與阻力。植物偏轉(zhuǎn)角對(duì)雷諾數(shù)影響很小,沿程能量損失和Darcy-Weisbach系數(shù)都隨植物偏轉(zhuǎn)角增大而減小;建立含植物偏轉(zhuǎn)角的Darcy-Weisbach系數(shù)計(jì)算公式,并用實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)該公式進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,發(fā)現(xiàn)該公式對(duì)模擬不同偏轉(zhuǎn)角條件下的水流阻力系數(shù)適用性良好。②植物葉片是水流阻力的主要來(lái)源,植物葉片面積的增大使水流粘滯力增大,慣性力減小,水流紊動(dòng)狀態(tài)減輕。雷諾數(shù)隨植物葉片面積增大而減小,水流沿程能量損失和Darcy-Weisbach系數(shù)隨植物葉片面積增大而增大,且隨著葉片面積的增大,沿程能量損失和水流阻力系數(shù)增大的幅度減小;建立含植物葉片面積的Darcy-Weisbach系數(shù)計(jì)算公式,通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的分析,該公式同樣適用于植物不同葉片面積條件下Darcy-Weisbach系數(shù)的計(jì)算。
[Abstract]:The flow resistance on the slope is the parameter of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the slope and an important index to simulate the process of runoff generation and confluence on the slope. At the same time, it has an important guiding significance for preventing and controlling hydraulic erosion on the slope, planting the shelterbelt reasonably and constructing the ecological river scientifically. Vegetation is an important factor that affects the resistance of the flow on the slope. There are often various types of vegetation on the slope, which can change the structure of the flow, increase the loss of kinetic energy, and slow down the flow velocity. Therefore, the study of the effect of plants on the flow resistance on the slope is the basis of revealing the dynamic law of the flow on the slope. Because of the complex and changeable characteristics of vegetative water flow, the influence of vegetation characteristics on the flow resistance of slope surface can not be accurately grasped by theoretical analysis. Therefore, the effect of plants on the flow resistance of slope surface should be studied by means of experimental means. At present, most of the simulation experiments have studied the characteristic changes of plant-containing water flow, analyzed the experimental data and summarized the inherent laws, and obtained only some qualitative results or empirical formulas, in order to obtain more accurate effects of plants on the water flow. Further quantitative studies are needed to obtain universally applicable laws and formulas. In this paper, the effects of different deflection angles and leaf area of plants on the flow resistance characteristics under three different slopes of 0. 50 and 1. 00 are simulated under the condition of varying water depth by indoor fixed bed scouring test. The Reynolds number is analyzed. The variation of energy loss and flow resistance coefficient along the course with average water depth and experimental slope reveals the mechanism of the influence of plant deflection angle and leaf area on the flow characteristics. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) when the plant deflects under the action of water flow, it can increase the viscous force of the flow, reduce the inertia force of the flow, make the flow structure more stable, and reduce the energy loss and resistance of the flow. The plant deflection angle has little effect on Reynolds number, and the energy loss and Darcy-Weisbach coefficient decrease with the increase of plant deflection angle, the formula of Darcy-Weisbach coefficient with plant deflection angle is established, and the formula is verified by measured data. It is found that this formula is suitable for simulating the flow resistance coefficient under different deflection angles. 2 Plant leaves are the main source of water flow resistance. The increase of plant leaf area increases the viscous force of water flow and decreases the inertia force. The turbulent state of the flow is reduced. The Reynolds number decreases with the increase of leaf area, the energy loss and Darcy-Weisbach coefficient increase with the increase of leaf area, and the amplitude of energy loss and flow resistance coefficient decrease with the increase of leaf area. A formula for calculating the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient of plant leaf area is established. Through the analysis of the measured data, the formula is also applicable to the calculation of Darcy-Weisbach coefficient under different leaf area conditions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TV131.22

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