本文選題：河流生態(tài)環(huán)境需水　切入點(diǎn)：長江上游珍稀特有魚類國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)　出處：《清華大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：生態(tài)環(huán)境需水研究,對筑壩河流的生態(tài)調(diào)度具有重要指引作用,是河流生態(tài)保護(hù)及自然水文情勢恢復(fù)實(shí)踐的重要依據(jù)。長江上游珍稀特有魚類國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)正面臨上游梯級水電開發(fā)的威脅,開展針對該保護(hù)區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境流量需求研究,不僅能夠完善我國大型河流生態(tài)環(huán)境需水研究的理論和方法,還能夠?yàn)榱饔蛩苜Y源開發(fā)提供決策支持。本文基于保護(hù)區(qū)魚類關(guān)鍵繁殖時(shí)期及不同河段水文過程分析結(jié)果,從河流不同河段生態(tài)基流、不同產(chǎn)卵特性魚類繁殖期需水、水環(huán)境要素溶解氧調(diào)控三個(gè)角度,對保護(hù)區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境流量綜合需求過程進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)探究,并制定了針對保護(hù)區(qū)干流上游溪洛渡-向家壩梯級水庫調(diào)控的下泄流量范圍及過程。主要研究結(jié)論如下:基于保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)魚類的相關(guān)生物特性資料,總結(jié)歸納出保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)魚類關(guān)鍵繁殖時(shí)期為3-8月。以保護(hù)區(qū)不同干支流河流水文變化情勢為依據(jù),結(jié)合魚類繁殖關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,基于河流的縱向及橫向連通性理論對水文學(xué)法進(jìn)行改進(jìn),計(jì)算得到保護(hù)區(qū)干流上游、支流岷江、以及干流下游的生態(tài)基流年徑流量分別為843.7×108m3、523.1×108m3、1605.3×108m3,占多年平均徑流量的58.6%、61.8%、60.2%。在此基礎(chǔ)上,確定了保護(hù)區(qū)上游梯級水庫調(diào)控的年內(nèi)最小下泄流量過程,該過程年徑流量為890.0×108m3,占多年平均徑流量的61.8%。從產(chǎn)漂流性卵和粘沉性卵魚類的角度分別識別了影響魚類繁殖的關(guān)鍵控制要素。甄選出了影響產(chǎn)漂流性卵代表魚類四大家魚產(chǎn)卵的關(guān)鍵控制要素為水溫狀態(tài)、起始流量與日均漲水率。通過產(chǎn)卵場與非產(chǎn)卵場的對比發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)粘沉性卵代表魚類白鱘、達(dá)氏鱘、胭脂魚對水文水動(dòng)力特征條件有明顯的選擇性。通過魚類繁殖這一關(guān)鍵生物過程對水文過程的響應(yīng)關(guān)系,確定了保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)不同魚類產(chǎn)卵場的適宜生態(tài)環(huán)境需水過程,并提出了基于魚類繁殖需求的上游梯級水庫調(diào)控適宜需水過程。為了避免保護(hù)區(qū)魚類因水庫下泄引起溶解氧過飽和致死的情況發(fā)生,基于保護(hù)區(qū)干流上游溪洛渡-向家壩梯級水庫運(yùn)行后保護(hù)區(qū)溶解氧濃度的實(shí)測資料,建立了向家壩壩下溶解氧飽和度與河道水溫、向家壩水庫發(fā)電流量占總下泄流量比例之間的關(guān)系,確定了基于上游梯級水庫調(diào)控的6月至11月總下泄流量上限閾值過程。
[Abstract]:Research on water requirement of ecological environment, has an important guiding role in the ecological scheduling of damming rivers, is an important basis for the practice of river ecological protection and restoration of natural hydrological regimes. Facing the threat of upstream cascade hydropower development areas in the upper Yangtze River rare fish National Nature Reserve, to carry out the research for the protection of ecological environment traffic demand, theory and method not only can improve the ecological environment of China's large river water requirement study, also can provide decision support for the development of basin water resources. The reserve of fish breeding key period and the different river hydrological process based on the analysis results from different sections of river ecological base flow, water requirement of different laying characteristics of fish breeding, three aspects of water environmental factors dissolved oxygen control, comprehensive ecological environmental protection area of traffic demand process of system research, and established a protection zone of stem flow The discharge process of travel range and Xiluodu - Xiangjiaba cascade reservoir regulation. The main conclusions are as follows: the related biological characteristics of data protection area based on fish, summed up the key protection area of fish breeding period was 3-8 months. In order to protect the area of different river water flow changes the heavenly stems and earthly branches form as the basis, combined with the fish breeding key during the period, based on the longitudinal and lateral connectivity of river hydrology method theory improvement, calculated protection area in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, tributaries, and downstream of the river ecological base annual runoff were 843.7 * 108m3523.1 * 108m31605.3 * 108m3, accounting for annual average runoff of 58.6%, 61.8%, 60.2%. on the basis of this, the process of minimum discharge traffic protection area of upper reaches of cascade reservoir regulation in the process of determining, the annual runoff is 890 * 108m3, accounting for 61.8%. of annual average runoff from pelagic eggs and sticky sink Fish eggs are identified. The effects of key fish reproduction control elements. The selection of the key elements of control effects of pelagic eggs on behalf of fish four fish spawning for water temperature, flow rate and initial daily water. By comparing the spawning and non spawning grounds found producing sticky demersal eggs on behalf of fish eggs. Chinese sturgeon, mullet has obvious selectivity for the dynamic characteristics of hydrology and water conditions. The response relationship between the key biological processes on the hydrological process by fish breeding, suitable for water demand of ecological environment protection process of different fishes spawning area were determined, and put forward the fish breeding demand for cascade reservoirs in the upstream regulation of appropriate water demand process based on the natural reserve. In order to avoid the occurrence of supersaturation of dissolved oxygen to death caused by reservoir water conservation area in the upper reaches of Xiluodu - Xiangjiaba cascade reservoir operation protection based on The measured data of dissolved oxygen concentration, established to dam dissolved oxygen saturation and water temperature of river, to the relationship between the Ba reservoir power flow total discharge ratio, determined from June to November the total discharge of the upper threshold process of upstream cascade reservoirs based on the control.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TV213.4
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本文編號：1613202