本文選題：明朝　切入點：京杭運河　出處：《清華大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：京杭運河，縱貫?zāi)媳�，是我國東部地區(qū)重要的水上交通線。歷史上，尤其是在漕運高度發(fā)達(dá)的明清時期，京杭運河作為溝通南北的交通孔道，對維持朝廷的正常運轉(zhuǎn)和促進(jìn)南北物質(zhì)文化的交流起到了重要作用，但是作為專為漕運而興修的公共工程，它在多大程度上和以何代價發(fā)揮了“水利”，值得反思！在此背景下，筆者想以明代大運河為例，在既有研究的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對歷史文獻(xiàn)的深入挖掘和系統(tǒng)分析，闡明運河的自然地理基礎(chǔ)，從具體的時空維度仔細(xì)究明運河的通航狀況，并從成本、物資流通的角度切入，考察運河的通航效率，在此基礎(chǔ)上形成對運河的客觀認(rèn)識。 自運河的地理環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)而言，京杭運河南北跨度大，沿運地區(qū)的自然地理環(huán)境復(fù)雜多變，時空尺度上的差異變化不利于運河的開挖、通航和維護(hù)，其通航能力因此而受到很大的制約。揆諸歷史實際，有明一代，運河的通航狀況并不理想，表現(xiàn)為：一、運河故障頻次頗高，尤其是閘漕、河漕，或潰或淤，故障頻繁；二、故障之外，漕河上或閘或壩、或洪或溜，盤剝牽挽，航行不便；三、權(quán)力、身份等因素使得不同類型的船只在運河上航行的便利程度差異巨大。凡此種種，使得運河運行的成本高昂：一方面，開挖和維護(hù)運道均耗費巨大，河工頻興，夫役繁巨，但即便如此，運河的航運條件仍不理想，人力助運不勝勞苦，沿途使費五花八門，故而轉(zhuǎn)輸費用往往倍于物值；另一方面，人為因素使得運河運行的間接成本高企，這主要包括漕政腐敗導(dǎo)致的物力虛耗、權(quán)力滲透對漕河運行秩序的破壞、漕河治理過程中與民爭利格局下的利益損失、“曲護(hù)運道”而造成的嚴(yán)重的社會生態(tài)后果等。至于功能，運河首要保障的是朝廷主導(dǎo)下的物資調(diào)撥，主要包括糧食、建材等大宗粗重物資和宮廷日用消費品，此是其政治保障功能的體現(xiàn)；漕運之外，商品性的物資流通亦有不少，，諸如糧食、棉布、絲織品及其他雜貨的販運達(dá)到了一定的規(guī)模，但總體上看，運河上的商品流通仍然是以區(qū)域內(nèi)部的流通為主，此是其商業(yè)價值的體現(xiàn)。 因此，所謂的運河“水利”，既受制于其自然稟賦的“先天”不足，又因人為因素導(dǎo)致了巨大的虛耗，其背后的代價是驚人的，從成本—收益的角度而言，運河的通航效率是不能太過高估的。
[Abstract]:The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, which runs north and south, is an important waterway in the eastern part of China. In history, especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties, when water transport was highly developed, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was used as a channel of communication between the north and the south. It has played an important role in maintaining the normal operation of the imperial court and promoting the exchange of material and culture between the north and the south, but as a public project built specifically for the transport of water, to what extent and at what cost did it play a role in "water conservancy", it is worth reflecting on! Under this background, taking the Grand Canal in Ming Dynasty as an example, on the basis of the existing research, through the deep excavation and systematic analysis of historical documents, the author intends to clarify the natural geographical basis of the Canal. This paper makes a careful study of the navigation condition of the canal from the specific dimension of time and space, and explores the navigation efficiency of the canal from the angle of cost and material circulation, and on this basis forms an objective understanding of the canal. As far as the geographical and environmental basis of the canal is concerned, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal has a large span between the north and the south, and the natural geographical environment along the transport area is complex and changeable. The difference in space-time scale is not conducive to the excavation, navigation and maintenance of the canal. As a result, the navigation capacity of the canal was greatly restricted. In the Ming Dynasty, the navigation condition of the canal was not ideal, as follows: first, the canal malfunctioned quite frequently, especially the sluice channel, the river channel, or the collapse or siltation; and second, the canal broke down frequently. In addition to the fault, the Caohe River is either a sluice or dam, or a flood or a slip, which makes it difficult to navigate; third, factors such as power and identity make the convenience of different types of ships on the canal greatly different. The cost of running the canal is high: on the one hand, it costs a lot to excavate and maintain the transportation routes, and the river works frequently, and its servants are numerous, but even so, the shipping conditions of the canal are still not ideal, and the labor force can't help the transportation of the canal, and it costs a great deal of money along the way. On the other hand, the indirect cost of canal operation is high because of human factors, which mainly include the waste of material resources caused by corruption of the canal and the destruction of the order of operation of the Caohe River caused by the infiltration of power. In the process of controlling the Caohe River, the loss of benefits under the pattern of competing with the people for profit, the serious social and ecological consequences caused by "curved and protected transportation roads", and so on. As for the function, the main guarantee of the canal is the allocation of goods and materials under the leadership of the imperial court, mainly including grain. Large quantities of heavy materials such as building materials and consumer goods for the daily use of the palace are the embodiment of its political security function. In addition to the transportation by water, there are also quite a few commodities in circulation, such as grain, cotton cloth, silk fabrics and other groceries, which have reached a certain scale. But on the whole, the circulation of goods on the canal is still dominated by the circulation within the region, which is the embodiment of its commercial value. Therefore, the so-called canal "water conservancy" is not only constrained by the "innate" deficiency of its natural endowment, but also caused by human factors. The cost behind it is staggering, from a cost-benefit perspective. The navigation efficiency of the canal should not be overestimated.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：U61-09;K248

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