【摘要】：塔河油田下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖縫洞型儲(chǔ)層經(jīng)歷了多期構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)和漫長(zhǎng)成巖作用改造,縫洞的類型、充填程度、組合關(guān)系及分布規(guī)律極其復(fù)雜。開展儲(chǔ)層結(jié)構(gòu)特征、主控因素及演化過程研究,對(duì)塔河油田下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層油氣勘探部署和提高采收率具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。論文以碳酸鹽巖沉積巖石學(xué)、碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層地質(zhì)學(xué)、巖溶地質(zhì)學(xué)等多學(xué)科理論為指導(dǎo),綜合運(yùn)用野外露頭觀察、巖心觀察、地震反演、測(cè)井解釋、鑄體薄片觀察、流體包裹體測(cè)溫、同位素及微量元素測(cè)試等技術(shù)方法,對(duì)塔河油田六、七區(qū)下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖縫洞型儲(chǔ)層儲(chǔ)集空間特征及分布規(guī)律、儲(chǔ)層結(jié)構(gòu)及主控因素開展了系統(tǒng)研究,主要取得了以下成果認(rèn)識(shí)。塔河油田下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層儲(chǔ)集空間主要為大-中型溶洞,其次是小型溶蝕孔洞。依據(jù)溶洞的洞高、發(fā)育位置、組合關(guān)系及成因,將溶洞分為廳堂洞、落水洞、干流洞、支流洞、駐水洞、斷面滲流井及末梢洞等縫洞結(jié)構(gòu)。90%左右的溶洞被半充填和完全充填,溶洞充填物中沉積充填物約占88%,沉積充填物的成巖作用較弱,有利于碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層儲(chǔ)集空間的保存。塔河油田下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層縱向上分為三個(gè)巖溶帶,從淺到深依次為表層巖溶帶、滲流巖溶帶、徑流巖溶帶。表層巖溶帶縫洞最為發(fā)育,在地表河發(fā)育區(qū)形成干流洞、支流洞及末梢洞,在坡折帶或斷崖等低部位容易形成落水洞,沿地表河方向縫洞連通性好,儲(chǔ)層物性較好;滲流巖溶帶主要發(fā)育由于流體垂向滲流作用形成的駐水洞,洞高較大,但橫向延伸很小,在斷裂附近容易形成斷面滲流井;徑流巖溶帶主要順層發(fā)育地下暗河,形成廳堂洞、干流洞、支流洞及末梢洞等規(guī)模不同的縫洞結(jié)構(gòu),縫洞沿同期地下暗河連通性較好。塔河油田下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層形成、分布主要受主斷裂作用、不整合風(fēng)化剝蝕作用、成巖作用、潛水面、古地貌及巖性等因素綜合控制。主斷裂作用控制了表層巖溶帶地表河和徑流巖溶帶地下暗河的發(fā)育位置,形成了“逢斷必溝,逢溝必溶”的巖溶格局;海西早期的構(gòu)造抬升,致使表層巖溶帶儲(chǔ)層暴露地表,遭受風(fēng)化剝蝕,在不整合附近形成大量、規(guī)模較大的溶洞,但這類溶洞往往比較容易被砂泥沉積物充填;古潛水面的波動(dòng)變化控制了徑流巖溶帶溶洞的縱向發(fā)育位置,同期地下暗河形成“層狀”分布的溶洞,多期地下暗河形成了多層溶洞或溶洞的多旋回充填特征;碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層發(fā)生溶解、溶蝕作用形成溶蝕孔、洞和裂隙,是碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層形成的根本;滲流巖溶帶和徑流巖溶帶溶洞沉積充填物,在洞壁剛性格架的支撐作用下,處于弱壓實(shí)狀態(tài),保存了大量原生孔隙,形成已充填溶洞中油氣的儲(chǔ)集空間。塔河油田下奧陶統(tǒng)碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層經(jīng)歷了復(fù)雜的演化過程。加里東運(yùn)動(dòng)晚期的構(gòu)造撓曲,形成的少量逆斷層,對(duì)儲(chǔ)層巖溶作用的發(fā)生、巖溶縫洞的形成具有重要先導(dǎo)作用;海西運(yùn)動(dòng)早期,構(gòu)造強(qiáng)烈擠壓,儲(chǔ)層暴露地表,斷裂作用加劇,大部分主斷裂沿著早期斷裂發(fā)育,在斷裂作用和不整合風(fēng)化剝蝕的共同作用下,縫洞型儲(chǔ)層大規(guī)模形成,在表層巖溶帶形成落水洞、干流洞、支流洞及末梢洞;在滲流巖溶帶形成駐水洞和斷面滲流井;在徑流巖溶帶發(fā)育地下河,形成廳堂洞、干流洞、支流洞及末梢洞;該階段縫洞充填物以砂泥沉積充填為主,其次是垮塌角礫充填。海西運(yùn)動(dòng)晚期大斷裂持續(xù)活動(dòng),巖溶流體和深部熱液沿大斷裂下滲、上涌,溶洞發(fā)生化學(xué)沉淀充填和膠結(jié)作用。印支運(yùn)動(dòng)期及之后,儲(chǔ)層進(jìn)入埋藏成巖期,進(jìn)一步發(fā)生溶蝕、膠結(jié)、交代及重結(jié)晶等作用,溶洞中的沉積充填物壓實(shí)作用弱,溶蝕作用較弱,膠結(jié)作用強(qiáng)烈,保存了較好的儲(chǔ)集物性。
[Abstract]:Lower Ordovician carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoirs in Tahe oilfield have undergone multi-stage tectonic movement and long-term diagenesis. The types of fractures and vugs, filling degree, assemblage relationship and distribution law are extremely complex. Reservoir structure characteristics, main controlling factors and evolution process are studied. Oil and gas exploration and deployment of Lower Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield are carried out. Guided by carbonate sedimentary petrology, carbonate reservoir geology, karst geology and other multidisciplinary theories, this paper comprehensively uses outcrop observation, core observation, seismic inversion, log interpretation, casting thin section observation, fluid inclusion temperature measurement, isotope and trace element measurement, etc. The reservoir space characteristics, distribution regularity, reservoir structure and main controlling factors of Lower Ordovician carbonate fractured-cavern reservoirs in 6 and 7 districts of Tahe oilfield are systematically studied. The main achievements are as follows. The reservoir space of Lower Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield is mainly large-medium caverns, followed by small-sized caverns. According to the height, location, Association and genesis of karst caves, the karst caves are divided into hall caves, falling caves, main flow caves, tributary caves, standing caves, cross-section seepage wells and terminal caves. About 90% of the caves are semi-filled and fully filled. About 88% of the caves are filled with sedimentary fillings. The diagenesis of sedimentary fillings is weak. Lower Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield are divided into three vertical karst zones, which are surface karst zones, seepage karst zones and runoff karst zones in turn from shallow to deep. Surface karst zones have the most developed fractures and caves, forming main flow caves, tributary caves and terminal caves in surface river developed areas, and slope break zones or faults. The karst zone of seepage flow mainly develops the standing water cave formed by the vertical seepage of fluid, the cave is high, but the lateral extension is very small, so it is easy to form the cross-section seepage well near the fault; the underground river is mainly developed along the runoff karst zone and formed. Fracture and cave structures of different sizes, such as hall cave, main stream cave, tributary cave and terminal cave, have good connectivity along the same period of underground rivers. The formation and distribution of Lower Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield are mainly controlled by main faults, unconformity weathering and erosion, diagenesis, phreatic surface, palaeogeomorphology and lithology. By controlling the development position of surface and underground rivers in surface karst zone and runoff karst zone, the karst pattern of "every fault must be gouge, every gouge must be karst" was formed; the early structural uplift in Hercynian resulted in the surface karst zone reservoirs exposed to the surface, eroded by weathering, and a large number of large-scale karst caves were formed near the unconformity. It is easy to be filled by sand and mud sediments; the fluctuation of paleo-phreatic water surface controls the vertical development of karst caves in runoff karst zone; the "stratified" karst caves are formed in underground rivers at the same time; the multi-layer karst caves or caves are formed in multi-stage underground rivers; the carbonate reservoirs are dissolved and the karst caves are formed by dissolution. Caves and fissures are the basis of the formation of carbonate reservoirs; cavern sedimentary fillings in seepage karst zone and runoff karst zone are in a weak compaction state under the support of the rigid framework of cavern wall, conserving a large number of primary pores and forming the reservoir space of oil and gas in the filled caverns. The tectonic deflection in the late Caledonian movement resulted in a small number of reverse faults, which played an important leading role in the formation of karst fractures and caves in the reservoir. In the early Hercynian movement, the structure was strongly compressed, the reservoir was exposed to the surface, and the faulting was intensified. Most of the main faults developed along the early faults, and the faulting and irregularity occurred. Under the combined action of weathering and denudation, fractured-cave reservoirs are formed on a large scale, forming water-fall caves, main flow caves, tributary caves and terminal caves in the surface karst zone, standing water caves and cross-section seepage wells in the seepage karst zone, underground rivers are developed in the runoff karst zone, forming hall caves, main flow caves, tributary caves and terminal caves, and the filling materials of fractured-caves are sand and mud. In the late Hercynian movement, the karst fluid and deep hydrothermal fluid infiltrated and upwelled along the fault, and the cave was filled with chemical precipitation and cementation. The sedimentary fillings in the cave have weak compaction, weak dissolution and strong cementation, thus preserving good reservoir properties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P618.13

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