本文選題：泡沫壓裂液 + 締合聚合物　； 參考：《西南石油大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：泡沫壓裂液以良好的抗剪切性能、較強的攜砂能力、低濾失、低傷害以及快速返排等特點被認為是功能最全面的儲層改造流體。但傳統(tǒng)的泡沫壓裂液體系依然是建立在以交聯(lián)技術為特點的水基胍膠壓裂液基礎之上,交聯(lián)技術存在的弊端在泡沫壓裂液上依然存在�，F(xiàn)有交聯(lián)技術通過改變pH值來改變交聯(lián)時間和抗溫能力,pH值的增加將會對堿敏性儲層造成傷害,對于本身呈酸性的二氧化碳泡沫壓裂液體系,不得不尋求新的稠化劑和交聯(lián)劑,使得問題越來越復雜。交聯(lián)技術還會帶來更多的水不溶物,影響增產(chǎn)效果。同時還存在施工摩阻難以減小、抗剪切性能難以提高、抗溫能力難以進一步突破等一系列問題。近年來隨著以黏彈性表面活性劑壓裂液為代表的一系列新型非交聯(lián)壓裂液的出現(xiàn),非交聯(lián)技術已經(jīng)逐漸成為壓裂液技術發(fā)展的一個重要方向。本文圍繞傳統(tǒng)胍膠泡沫壓裂液存在的問題和壓裂液技術發(fā)展的方向展開研究,通過理論研究、室內(nèi)試驗和現(xiàn)場應用取得了以下主要成果和認識：(1)運用超分子化學與超分子結構溶液理論與實踐,采用微觀和宏觀研究相結合的方法和技術手段,通過對一系列不同疏水基含量、不同水解度的締合聚合物的研究,建立了締合聚合物分子結構與聚合物溶液黏彈性之間,溶液黏彈性和泡沫穩(wěn)定性之間的相互作用關系。確定了適用于泡沫壓裂液使用的締合聚合物的最佳分子結構。(2)使用環(huán)境掃描電鏡、熒光探針法、電導率等方法證實了締合聚合物溶液的空間網(wǎng)絡結構、聚合物溶液在氣液界面的富集等作用對泡沫的穩(wěn)定性具有非常積極的作用。(3)通過對聚合物溶液的流變性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由于締合聚合物特殊的分子結構,使其聚合物溶液具有剪切增稠和剪切稀釋兩種特殊的剪切誘導流變行為。當剪切速率較小時,隨著剪切速率的增加,聚合物溶液黏度急劇上升。當剪切速率超過一定值后,隨著剪切速率的增加,溶液黏度又急劇下降。這種特殊的流變行為既有利于泡沫的生成,又有利于泡沫的穩(wěn)定。締合聚合物溶液的締合網(wǎng)絡結構使其不需要交聯(lián)就具有了形成泡沫壓裂液所需的流變特性。(4)通過對泡沫壓裂液的流變性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),泡沫柏拉圖通道結構的兒何拓撲變化賦予了泡沫新的黏彈特性。締合聚合物溶液形成泡沫后,泡沫的儲能模量增加了3倍,遠大于基液或氣體的單一相的彈性,彈性的大大增強也就意味更強的攜砂能力。(5)通過對單劑的篩選和泡沫壓裂液綜合性能的室內(nèi)評價,形成了締合聚合物泡沫壓裂液體系。該體系具有增黏性能好、攜砂能力強、對巖心基質(zhì)滲透率傷害低的特點。在基于實驗和理論研究結果的基礎上,突破傳統(tǒng)對水基壓裂液交聯(lián)技術的認識,采用分子間締合技術手段來獲得了具有我們所需要功能的非交聯(lián)締合結構泡沫壓裂液體系。(6)研制了流動回路摩阻測試裝置,通過該裝置的評價表明,締合聚合物泡沫壓裂液體系還具有摩阻低,抗剪切性能良好的特點。與化學交聯(lián)相比,締合作用表現(xiàn)出了特有的降阻優(yōu)勢,為解決泡沫壓裂液摩阻難以降低的重大技術難題提供了一種有效的方法。室內(nèi)試驗證實了締合聚合物泡沫壓裂液的設想是完全正確和可行的。(7)利用該泡沫壓裂液體系,成功進行了兩井次的試驗性施工。這是締合聚合物泡沫壓裂液體系在國內(nèi)頁巖氣開發(fā)上的首次應用�，F(xiàn)場施工表明締合聚合物泡沫壓裂液性能優(yōu)良,完全能夠滿足該類地層的壓裂要求,該體系對頁巖地層傷害小,措施見效快,施工結束后總計排液80m3后即產(chǎn)氣,3mm油嘴放噴點火,壓力在11MPa以上,無阻流量達到10×104m3/d,增產(chǎn)效果明顯。本文通過理論、室內(nèi)研究和現(xiàn)場應用證明了締合聚合物泡沫壓裂液體系原理正確性和技術的可行性,為豐富我國泡沫壓裂液種類、拓寬締合聚合物的應用范圍、提高低滲透油氣田的高效開發(fā)水平提供了必要的理論基礎和實驗依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:The foam fracturing fluid is considered to be the most fully functional reservoir reconstruction fluid with the characteristics of good shear resistance, strong sand carrying capacity, low filtration loss, low damage and rapid return, but the traditional foam fracturing fluid system is still based on the water-based guanidine glue fracturing fluid based on crosslinking technology and the disadvantages of cross linking technology. The existing crosslinking technology changes the crosslinking time and the temperature resistance by changing the pH value. The increase of pH value will cause damage to the alkali sensitive reservoir. For the acidic carbon dioxide foam fracturing fluid system, it has to seek new thickener and crosslinking agent, making the problem more and more complicated. Cross linking technology It also brings more water insoluble substances, which also affects the effect of increasing production. At the same time, there are a series of problems such as difficult to reduce construction friction, difficult to improve shear property, and difficult to break through the temperature resistance. In recent years, a series of new type of non crosslinking fracturing fluid, represented by viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid, has been developed, and the non crosslinking technology has already been developed. It has gradually become an important direction of the development of fracturing fluid technology. This paper focuses on the existing problems of the traditional guanidine gum foam fracturing fluid and the direction of the development of fracturing fluid technology. Through theoretical research, the following main achievements and understanding are obtained in the laboratory and field application: (1) using the theory of supramolecular and supramolecular structure solution The interaction between the molecular structure of the associating polymer and the viscoelasticity of the polymer solution, the viscoelasticity of the solution and the stability of the foam are established through the combination of microcosmic and macro research methods and technical means. The best molecular structure for the association polymer used in foam fracturing fluid. (2) the spatial network structure of the associating polymer solution was confirmed by the environmental scanning electron microscope, the fluorescence probe method, the conductivity and so on. The enrichment of the polymer solution in the gas-liquid interface has a very positive effect on the stability of the foam. (3) through the polymer The study of the rheological properties of the solution shows that the polymer solution has two special shear induced rheological behaviors due to the special molecular structure of the associative polymer, which makes the polymer solution with shear thickening and shear diluting. When the shear rate is small, the viscosity of the polymer solution increases with the increase of shear rate. The viscosity of the solution decreases sharply. This special rheological behavior is beneficial to the formation of foam and the stability of the foam. The association network structure of the associative polymer solution has the rheological properties needed to form foam fracturing fluid without cross linking. (4) through the study of the rheological properties of foam fracturing fluid The topology changes of the foam Platon channel structure give the new viscoelastic properties of the foam. After the formation of a polymer solution foam, the storage modulus of the foam has increased by 3 times, far greater than the elasticity of the single phase of the base liquid or gas, and the great enhancement of elasticity means stronger sand carrying capacity. (5) through the screening of single agent and foam fracturing The laboratory evaluation of comprehensive properties of liquid formed an association polymer foam fracturing fluid system. This system has the characteristics of good viscosity enhancement, strong sand carrying capacity and low permeability damage to core matrix. Based on the experimental and theoretical research results, it breaks through the traditional understanding of the crosslinking technology of water based fracturing fluid and uses the intermolecular association technical hand. The non crosslinked associative foam fracturing fluid system with the function we need is obtained. (6) a flow circuit friction test device has been developed. Through the evaluation of the device, the association polymer foam fracturing fluid has a low friction resistance and good shear resistance. Compared with chemical crosslinking, the association effect shows the special effect. In order to provide an effective method to solve the major technical problems that are difficult to reduce the frictional resistance of the foam fracturing fluid, the laboratory tests have confirmed that the idea of the association polymer foam fracturing fluid is completely correct and feasible. (7) the experimental construction of two wells has been successfully carried out by using the foam fracturing fluid system. This is an association polymer. The foam fracturing fluid system is used for the first time in the development of shale gas in China. The field construction shows that the association polymer foam fracturing fluid has excellent performance and can fully meet the fracturing requirements of this kind of formation. The system has little damage to the shale formation, and the measures are effective quickly. After the completion of the total arrangement of 80m3, the gas producing, the 3mm oil nozzle is fired and the pressure is in 11M. Above Pa, the unhindered flow rate is 10 * 104m3/d, and the effect of increasing production is obvious. Through the theory, indoor research and field application prove that the principle of the association polymer foam fracturing fluid system is correct and the technology is feasible, in order to enrich the type of foam fracturing fluid in our country, broaden the application range of the association polymer and improve the efficient development of the low permeability oil and gas field. The level provides the necessary theoretical basis and experimental basis.

【學位授予單位】：西南石油大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TE357

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