本文選題：冷源外置 + 天然氣水合物��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：天然氣水合物因其儲(chǔ)量大、能量密度高、清潔和分布廣泛等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被認(rèn)為是最有希望接替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)能源的新能源。鉆探取樣是評(píng)價(jià)水合物儲(chǔ)量和開(kāi)采的前提,但天然氣水合物常溫常壓下會(huì)分解,常規(guī)鉆探取樣技術(shù)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足水合物保真鉆探取樣的需求。保壓取樣技術(shù)利用球閥(翻板閥)密封巖心腔以及保溫措施,在取樣過(guò)程中維持水合物巖心的原始?jí)毫蜏囟?實(shí)現(xiàn)保真取樣,目前常用的保壓取樣器包括PCB、PCS、FPC、PTCS等。冷凍取樣技術(shù)是在分析了天然氣水合物的溫壓特性和自保護(hù)效應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了在井下將水合物巖心冷凍至一個(gè)低溫區(qū)間(240K-273K),從而抑制水合物分解,并增強(qiáng)水合物的自保護(hù)效應(yīng),實(shí)現(xiàn)保真取樣。目前的提鉆式孔底冷凍取樣器存在提鉆時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、井下冷源儲(chǔ)冷時(shí)間長(zhǎng)以及操作時(shí)勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大的問(wèn)題,不利于水合物的保真取樣。為解決這些技術(shù)問(wèn)題,本論文提出冷源外置式孔底冷凍繩索取樣器的設(shè)計(jì)思路,即采用繩索取心的方法,在鉆進(jìn)結(jié)束后,利用打撈器運(yùn)送冷源至孔底并實(shí)施巖心冷凍,繩索取心方法可以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速提取巖心,冷源外置的方法可以解決冷源井下儲(chǔ)冷時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的問(wèn)題。綜合考慮了繩索取心方法和孔底冷凍方法,提出了取樣器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)要求。完成了冷源外置式繩索取心鉆具的整體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),繪制了整體結(jié)構(gòu)圖,并分析了取樣器的工作原理。分析了六個(gè)常規(guī)機(jī)構(gòu),包括氣動(dòng)冷源注入機(jī)構(gòu)、矛頭機(jī)構(gòu)、彈卡定位機(jī)構(gòu)、懸掛機(jī)構(gòu)、單動(dòng)與緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)和調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成和工作原理,并分析了關(guān)鍵機(jī)構(gòu),包括儲(chǔ)冷機(jī)構(gòu)、連接機(jī)構(gòu)和巖心冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)的重要性。首先,設(shè)計(jì)了連接機(jī)構(gòu),結(jié)構(gòu)上可分為外置冷源模塊部分和井下鉆具部分,兩部分分別設(shè)置在儲(chǔ)冷機(jī)構(gòu)的底部和冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)的頂部;按功能可分為三個(gè)子機(jī)構(gòu):彈卡打撈子機(jī)構(gòu)、密封閥子機(jī)構(gòu)和支撐鎖位子機(jī)構(gòu),分別完成套取井下鉆具、連接處的密封和為連接過(guò)程提供支撐力及鎖定連接狀態(tài)。加工密封連接結(jié)構(gòu)的樣機(jī),對(duì)各個(gè)子機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),證明各機(jī)構(gòu)均可實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期功能;對(duì)連接機(jī)構(gòu)整體進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證性試驗(yàn),證明連接機(jī)構(gòu)可實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的功能;繪制了連接機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)鍵尺寸表,確定了指導(dǎo)連接機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵尺寸。建立試驗(yàn)臺(tái),測(cè)定了連接機(jī)構(gòu)連接過(guò)程所需的拉力,分析確定了冷源外置取樣器對(duì)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)所提供拉力的要求為2880N。然后,設(shè)計(jì)了儲(chǔ)冷機(jī)構(gòu)及儲(chǔ)冷方案,確定了以酒精為載冷劑,利用液氮與酒精混合,快速獲得低溫酒精的冷源制備方案,實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)該方法可制得溫度低于冰點(diǎn)(-114℃)且具有良好流動(dòng)性的低溫酒精(-130℃);確定了以納米氣凝膠氈作為儲(chǔ)冷腔保溫層的儲(chǔ)冷腔保溫方案。完成了儲(chǔ)冷機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),分析了儲(chǔ)冷機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成和工作原理,并加工樣機(jī)、設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置,對(duì)儲(chǔ)冷機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究;在實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下,-130℃的低溫酒精存儲(chǔ)30min后,冷源溫度降低為-95℃,繪制了儲(chǔ)冷過(guò)程冷源溫度變化曲線,確定了下一步巖心冷凍實(shí)驗(yàn)中冷源的初始溫度為-95℃。最后,設(shè)計(jì)了巖心冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)和冷凍方案,提出了冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)的“兩段式”結(jié)構(gòu)布局,對(duì)比分析了兩段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局相較于傳統(tǒng)三段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于漏熱少、密封性好;提出了“底部注冷”的冷源注入方案,對(duì)比分析了底部注冷方案相較于傳統(tǒng)的上部注冷方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于可實(shí)現(xiàn)冷源與巖心間的強(qiáng)制對(duì)流換熱、確保巖心上下均勻制冷;結(jié)合巖心冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn),提出采用具有一定剛度的聚四氟乙烯作為冷凍腔保溫材料。完成了冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),分析了冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成和工作原理,并加工了樣機(jī)、設(shè)計(jì)了實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置,對(duì)巖心冷凍機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,驗(yàn)證了“底部注冷”的冷源注入方案優(yōu)于“頂部注冷”。以注入冷源的壓力為變量,采取“底部注冷”的冷源注入方案進(jìn)行了巖心冷凍實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在0.30-0.40MPa之間存在以一臨界壓力,當(dāng)注冷壓力低于該值時(shí),冷源在冷凍腔內(nèi)流動(dòng)狀態(tài)為層流,而當(dāng)注冷壓力高于該值時(shí),冷源在冷凍腔內(nèi)流動(dòng)狀態(tài)為紊流:注冷壓力在0.20MPa附近時(shí)可達(dá)到層流狀態(tài)時(shí)最優(yōu)的冷凍效果,其實(shí)驗(yàn)前期巖心降溫速率為6.9℃/min,巖心最低溫度可達(dá)-18.75℃,實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)⿴r心溫度保持在-6±2.5℃內(nèi);當(dāng)注冷壓力為0.4MPa時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)前期巖心降溫速率可達(dá)15.75℃/min,巖心最低溫度為-27℃,實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)⿴r心溫度在0℃以下;分析認(rèn)為,當(dāng)注冷壓力在0.3MPa到0.5MPa之間時(shí),可達(dá)到紊流狀態(tài)時(shí)最優(yōu)的冷凍效果,即最優(yōu)注冷壓力在0.3-0.5MPa之間。
[Abstract]:Natural gas hydrate is considered as the most promising new energy for replacing traditional energy because of its large reserves, high energy density, wide cleanliness and wide distribution. Drilling sampling is the prerequisite for evaluating the reserves and mining of hydrate, but natural gas hydrate will be decomposed under normal temperature and pressure. Conventional drilling sampling technology can not meet the practice of hydrate drilling and drilling. The pressure and pressure sampling technology uses the ball valve (turn plate valve) to seal the core cavity and the insulation measures to maintain the original pressure and temperature of the hydrate core during the sampling process, and to realize the fidelity sampling. The current commonly used pressure sampler includes PCB, PCS, FPC, PTCS and so on. On the basis of the protective effect, it is proposed that the hydrate core is frozen into a low temperature range (240K-273K) in the downhole, so that the hydrate decomposition is suppressed, and the self protection effect of the hydrate is enhanced to realize the fidelity sampling. The current drilling type hole bottom freezing sampler has long drilling time, long cold storage time and labor intensity in operation. In order to solve these technical problems, in order to solve these technical problems, this paper puts forward the design idea of the cold rope sampling apparatus for cold source outside the hole bottom, that is, using the rope coring method, after the end of the drilling, the cold source is transported to the bottom of the hole and the core is frozen, and the rope coring method can be quickly extracted. The core and cold source external method can solve the problem of long cold storage time in the downhole of cold source. Considering the rope coring method and the hole bottom freezing method, the structure design requirements of the sampler are put forward. The overall structure design of the external coring coring tool for the cold source is completed, the whole structure drawing is drawn and the working principle of the sampler is analyzed. The structural composition and working principle of six conventional mechanisms, including pneumatic cold source injection mechanism, spearhead mechanism, projectile card positioning mechanism, suspension mechanism, single motion and buffer mechanism and adjusting mechanism, are analyzed. The importance of key mechanisms, including cold storage mechanism, connecting mechanism and Yan Xinleng freezing mechanism, is analyzed. First, the connecting mechanism is designed and the structure is designed. It can be divided into the external cold source module part and the downhole drilling tool section. The two parts are set at the bottom of the cold storage mechanism and the top of the freezing mechanism respectively. According to the function, it can be divided into three subunits: the projectile card fishing sub mechanism, the sealing valve sub mechanism and the supporting lock position mechanism, respectively, to complete the drilling tools under the well, the seal at the connection and the connection process. The supporting force and locking connection state. The prototype of the machined seal connection structure was tested to prove that each mechanism could realize the expected function, and the connecting mechanism was tested to prove that the connecting mechanism could realize the expected function; the key dimension table of connecting mechanism was drawn and the guiding connection mechanism was established. A test bench was set up to determine the tension required for the connection process of the connecting mechanism. The requirement for the pulling force provided by the external sampler of the cold source was determined to be 2880N., then the cooling mechanism and the cooling scheme were designed, and the alcohol as the refrigerant was determined, and the liquid nitrogen and alcohol were mixed to quickly obtain the cold alcohol cold. In the source preparation scheme, it is found in the experiment that the method can produce low temperature alcohol (-114 C) with low temperature and good fluidity (-130 C). The thermal insulation scheme of the cold storage cavity with nano aerogel felt as the insulation layer of the cold storage cavity is determined. The structure design of the cooling mechanism is completed, the structure and working principle of the cooling mechanism are analyzed, and the structure of the cooling mechanism is analyzed. In the experimental condition, the cold source temperature of -130 C is reduced to -95 C, and the cold source temperature change curve of the cold storage process is drawn. The initial temperature of the cold source in the next step of the core freezing experiment is -95 C. Finally, the core cooling machine is designed. The "two section" structure layout of the freezing mechanism is put forward, and the advantages of the two section structure layout compared with the traditional three section structure layout are less heat leakage and better sealing, and the cold source injection scheme of "bottom injection" is put forward. The comparison and analysis of the bottom injection cooling scheme is compared to the traditional top cooling scheme. The advantage of it is to realize the forced convection heat transfer between the cold source and the core, to ensure the uniform cooling on the core, and to combine the characteristics of the core cryopreservation mechanism, to adopt a polytetrafluoroethylene as the thermal insulation material with a certain stiffness. The prototype is processed, the experimental device is designed, and the experimental research on the core freezing mechanism is carried out. It is proved that the cold source injection scheme of "bottom injection" is superior to the "top injection cooling". The cold source injection scheme of "bottom injection" is used to freeze the rock core freezing experiment with the injection of cold source. The experiment shows that the cryopreservation is stored between 0.30-0.40MPa. At a critical pressure, when the cooling pressure is lower than that of this value, the flow state of the cooling source is laminar in the cryopreservation chamber. When the cooling pressure is higher than that, the flow state of the cold source in the cryopreservation cavity is turbulent. The optimal freezing effect is reached when the cooling pressure reaches the laminar state near 0.20MPa, and the cooling rate of the core is 6.9 /min at the early stage of the experiment. The lowest core temperature of the core is up to -18.75 C, and the core temperature at the end of the experiment is kept at -6 2.5 C. When the injection cooling pressure is 0.4MPa, the cooling rate of core is up to 15.75 /min, the lowest core temperature is -27 C, and the core temperature is below 0 C at the end of the experiment. It is concluded that when the cooling pressure is between 0.3MPa and 0.5MPa, the temperature can reach the turbulent state. The best freezing effect is that the best injection pressure is between 0.3-0.5MPa.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：P618.13;P634

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