本文關(guān)鍵詞：黔南晚石炭世生物灰泥丘生長發(fā)育特征研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        中國南方晚石炭世海域廣大,普遍發(fā)育了一套臺地相碳酸鹽巖,黔南是其中的一個代表性地區(qū)。該區(qū)碳酸鹽臺地淺水非常適宜生物生存,特別是底棲生物大量繁盛,生物造巖作用十分強烈。工作區(qū)晚石炭世地層發(fā)育較典型的生物泥丘,是開展生物灰泥丘研究的良好場所。本文對生物礁發(fā)育的地層開展了生物地層學(xué)研究工作,詳細分析了產(chǎn)礁地層中蜒等生物群特征,通過對比研究,確定本區(qū)生物灰泥丘的產(chǎn)出層位為上石炭統(tǒng)上部地層,即馬平組下部地層。黔南晚石炭世各種類型生物礁都發(fā)育在碳酸鹽臺地邊緣,受臺地邊緣環(huán)境頻繁變化的影響,不同類型生物礁發(fā)生明顯的造礁群落取代,不同造礁群落建造不同的礁體。在臺地邊緣的不同環(huán)境,各種造礁生物也建造了不同礁體,尤其灰泥丘這一特殊生物礁更加特別。黔南晚石炭世地層中,藍細菌是另一種重要的粘結(jié)生物,其作用方式有三種：粘結(jié)作用、粘結(jié)覆蓋作用和纏結(jié)包繞作用,在工作區(qū)形成了大小不一的泥丘。生物灰泥丘在黔南地區(qū)分布較為廣泛,尤其在路馬寨較集中分布。根據(jù)其發(fā)育規(guī)模,作者將黔南生物灰泥丘分為3種類型,分別為大型泥丘、中型泥丘、小型泥丘。其特征如下：1組構(gòu)特征外貌均呈穹形隆起,丘核均為泥晶灰?guī)r,不顯層理,均呈塊狀,且藻絲發(fā)育,偶見團塊狀粒狀體(推測為藻顆粒)。丘頂與丘核無明顯差異。丘兩翼均為生物碎屑灰?guī)r,主要為蜒碎屑灰?guī)r。野外露頭和顯微鏡下觀察均可見晶洞,孔內(nèi)為亮晶方解石充填。2巖石構(gòu)成主要為泥晶灰?guī)r及少量藻凝塊巖,但骨骸顆粒較低而泥晶基質(zhì)含量較高,表明為較深水的,水動力條件較弱的沉積環(huán)境。3古生物化石及其古生態(tài)同層位的灘相沉積富含多種生物,腕足類、蜒類、非蜒有孔蟲、海百合、苔蘚蟲以及珊瑚類,與此形成鮮明對比的是,灰泥丘的生物豐度很低且種屬單調(diào)。偶見單體珊瑚化石,薄片中見少量海百合、有孔蟲以及蜒類化石。但在灰泥丘中發(fā)現(xiàn)大量的藻絲,是藍細菌存在的遺跡�；夷嗲饖A于灰色—灰黑色含化石豐富的灰?guī)r之中。經(jīng)過觀察以及較為深入的研究,作者把工作區(qū)灰泥丘的生長發(fā)育過程分為三個階段：基底的建立(發(fā)育期)、丘核的建立(繁盛期)、丘頂?shù)慕?衰退期)對于生物灰泥丘建造的影響有很多因素：1海侵速率的影響研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：海侵速率與灰泥丘的增長速率是在大致相當(dāng)?shù)臈l件下進行的。在海水深度較小的條件下,當(dāng)海侵速率略大于或等于灰泥丘的增長速率時,灰泥丘的生長空間大,以垂向加積為主,發(fā)育灰泥丘丘核;當(dāng)海侵速率小于灰泥丘的增長速率時,灰泥丘由垂向加積生長轉(zhuǎn)為側(cè)向退積生長。在海水深度較大的情況下,當(dāng)海侵速率小于或等于灰泥丘的增長速率時,利于菌、藻類等微生物繁殖,發(fā)育灰泥丘丘核;當(dāng)海侵速率大于灰泥丘的增長速率時,海水深度變?yōu)椴焕诰�、藻類等微生物繁殖�；夷嗲鸬脑鲩L受到限制,泥晶凝塊間被層紋狀、網(wǎng)狀泥灰質(zhì)、灰泥質(zhì)所分隔;當(dāng)海平面波動適合于菌、藻類微生物繁殖時,便又開始發(fā)育泥丘丘核。2海水深度和陽光照射的影響在研究區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn),灰泥丘無明顯的障積作用,丘兩翼無明顯差異,且灰泥顆粒細小,主要為泥晶灰?guī)r和微晶灰?guī)r,骨骸顆粒和非骨骸顆粒少,證明研究區(qū)灰泥丘的生存水動力條件較弱�；夷嗲饍�(nèi)生物量極少,且種屬單一,個體小。證明灰泥丘發(fā)育的水深不適合珊瑚等需要光照和大量養(yǎng)料的生物生存發(fā)展。根據(jù)以上分析,證明研究區(qū)灰泥丘的發(fā)育環(huán)境應(yīng)為較深水的水動力條件較弱的透光沉積環(huán)境。當(dāng)水深,水動力條件適合造丘微生物的生長和繁殖的時候,微生物開始大量繁殖,并且分泌粘液粘結(jié)水體中的鈣質(zhì)及生物碎屑。隨著海平面的抬升,水動力條件的加強,微生物的生長繁殖受阻,灰泥丘的建造速度減慢。當(dāng)海平面再度升高,水動力條件再度加強,造丘微生物停止生長,灰泥丘生長終結(jié)。3水溫的影響許多學(xué)者都認為灰泥丘是通過微生物造巖作用而形成的,而且,在現(xiàn)代湖泊中發(fā)現(xiàn)了由藍細菌的生命活動所形成的灰泥沉積物及灰泥丘。灰泥丘的形成被認為是從生物薄膜觸發(fā)碳酸鈣沉淀開始的。藍細菌的適宜生存的溫度為較溫暖的環(huán)境。隨著溫度的降低,藍細菌的代謝速率降低,致使藍細菌分泌的粘液減少,使灰泥丘的生長速率減慢。當(dāng)溫度降低到某個臨界值時,藍細菌代謝停止,進而灰泥丘生長停止。這種藍細菌的遺跡在工作區(qū)的灰泥丘中也有所發(fā)現(xiàn)(充當(dāng)造丘生物),因此海水水溫也是控制灰泥丘生長的重要因素之一。綜上所述,灰泥丘的建立受到多方面因素的影響,只有在適合其生長發(fā)育的環(huán)境中它才能生長發(fā)育至繁盛。通過與世界Waulsortian丘進行對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黔南地區(qū)所發(fā)育的灰泥丘與Waulsortian丘具有明顯的差異,因此確定黔南地區(qū)所發(fā)育的灰泥丘并非Waulsortian相,是石炭紀特殊的灰泥構(gòu)造。

    The sea area of south China in late Carboniferous is large,it develops a series of platform facies carbonate,The south Guizhou province is one of the typically area.The carbonate platform with low water in this area is feasible for life surviving,especially for the benthos blooming,and the biological lithogenesis is very intensity. Our workaround that the stratum of late carboniferous is including kinds of mud mound,and it is the ideally area to research the mud mound of late carboniferour of south China.This text did biological and stratigraphical research on the stratum which develops reefs, analyzing the character of Fusulinida, Brachiopoda and coral particularly. By researching and contrasting confirm that the horizon producing reefs belongs to the upper carboniferous and namely the underpart of maping formation.Reefs of late carboniferous all develop at the margin of carbonate platform,under the infection of frequency changing environment,different kinds of reefs are replaced by reef-building community and form other reefs. Under different environment of the margin of platform,kinds of reef-building biology build different reefs, In particular,the mud mound is special.Cyanobacteria that in the stratum of late carboniferous southern Guizhou province is another kind of important agglomerating biology:cyanobacteria, it effects through three manners:binding action, binding covering action and wrapping action. It forms different sizes of mud mound. There are a lot of filamentous from algae in the mud mound.It is the remains of the cyanobacteriaThe distribution of mud mound in southern Guizhou provience is more extensive,especially in the place of lumazhai. According to the scale of its development, the author will divide mud mound into three types, namely:large mud mound, mud mound of medium, small mud mound. The following features: 1. Fabric features:The characteristics of appearance is quaquversal.The core of mud mound is made up by mud calcareous rock,which contain the filament of algal, and occasionally there are some mass.There are no clear difference between the core of mud mound and the tip of mud mound.The both sides of mud mound is made up by bio-clastic limestone. From outocrop and under the microscope are visible crystal holes,which is filled by calcite.2.Rock compositionThe composition of mud mound is mud limestone and little clot rock.However, bones particles is less, mud is more,which indicating that for the deeper water, the hydrodynamic conditions of the depositional environment is thin.3.Fossils and ancient ecological:in the same stratum,there is rich in a variety of sedimentary biological, brachiopods, triticites, foraminiferal, crinoids, bryozoans and corals, in sharp contrast with this is that the mud mound is low abundance and species monotonous. Occasional we can find single coral fossils, a small amount of flakes in crinoids, foraminifera, as well as types of triticites fossil.The mud mounds were pressed from both sides gray to gray-black limestone.though the deep observation and studying, The author divide mound building process into three types,namely:the building of fundus、the building of core、the building of tip.There are a lot of factors which can affect the building of mud mounds:1. Rate of transgressionThe study also found that:when the rates of transgression and mud mound growth rate at a similar conditions, the mud mound can grow better. When water depth in a smaller conditions, the transgression rate is slightly larger than the growth rate of mud mound, the mud mound has large growth space to vertical grow,then to build the core of mud mound; when transgression rate is less than the growth rate of mud mound, the mud mound change the growth from vertical aggradation to lateral growth.In depth water circumstances, when the transgression rate less than or equal to the growth rate of mud mound,it is beneficial to bacteria, algae and other micro-organisms breeding;when the rate of transgression is larger than the growth rate of mud mound, it is not conducive to bacteria, algae and other microbial reproduction. Mud mounds’growth hare restricted, when the sea-level fluctuations is adapt to the bacteria, algae micro-organisms breeding, they began to building the core.2. The effects of water depth and sunlightWere found in the study, mud mounds hare no significant barrier deposition,there are no significant difference between the two sides, and small particles, mainly be made up by limestone and mud limestone, bone particles and other small particles are less.It proves that the hydrodynamic conditions of mud mound living in the work area is weak. There are little biomass in the mud mound which is single.It prove that the depth of water which is suit for mud mound growing is not suit for other biological who need more illumination and a large amount of nutrients.Namely:the environment of mud mound growing is the weak hydrodynamic transmission and transmittance of sedimentary environment.When the water depth, hydrodynamic conditions is suit for the growing of microorganisms, they begin to reproduct large population, and secret slime to bond the calcium in water and bioclastic.flowing the sea levels rising, the hydrodynamic conditions get strengthening, the building of mud mounds is impeded,the mud mound construction gets slow.when the sea levels rising again,the growth of mud mound will end.3. The impact of water temperatureMany scholars believe that mud mounds are made by microorganisms, also we find that it can make carbonate precipitation in modern lakes. The mud mounds’building is considered that it is the beginning of biofilm to trigger precipitation of calcium carbonate. Cyanobacteria which has been found in work area often live in warm environment.When the temperature falls, microorganisms metabolize slowlyand the rate of building mud mound gets slow. When the temperature falls to someone, microorganisms stops building the mud mound.The rising of mound get stoping.So water temperature is one of the important factors which can control the growth of mud mound.To sum up, the building of mud mound subjects to many factors, only suit to their growth and development environment, their growth and development can be flourish. Namely:The survival of the fittest.Through the comparative study with Waulsortian, founding that the mud mounds which develop in southern Guizhou provience are more difference with Waulsortian, so as to identify that the mud mounds are not Waulsortian like.

中國黔南晚石炭世生物灰泥丘生長發(fā)育特征研究

摘要5-8Abstract8-11目錄12-14前言14-18第一章 生物灰泥丘研究概況18-24    1.1 世界泥丘的研究歷史及現(xiàn)狀18-19    1.2 中國泥丘研究概況及評述19-20    1.3 存在問題和研究晚石炭世生物泥丘意義20-24第二章 黔南晚石炭世區(qū)域地質(zhì)特征24-28    2.1 自然地理概況24    2.2 黔南晚石炭世大地構(gòu)造背景24-25    2.3 研究區(qū)地層及古生物概況25-26    2.4 黔南晚石炭世沉積類型26-28第三章 黔南晚石炭世泥丘相地層生物地層學(xué)研究28-38    3.1 泥丘相剖面28-33        3.1.1 路馬寨泥丘的橫剖面29-30        3.1.2 路馬寨泥丘的縱剖面30-31        3.1.3 路馬寨泥丘剖面31-33    3.2 礁相地層生物群特征33-38        3.2.1 蜓類33-36        3.2.2 泥丘中的其他生物36-38第四章 黔南晚石炭世生物灰泥丘特征38-52    4.1 黔南生物灰泥丘分類38-42    4.2 成巖作用特征42-46    4.3 影響灰泥丘發(fā)育的因素46-47    4.4 灰泥丘的生長發(fā)育過程47-50    4.5 黔南地區(qū)生物灰泥丘總特點50-52第五章 黔南生物灰泥丘與世界Waulsortian丘對比研究52-64    5.1 Waulsortian丘概述52-56        5.1.1 Waulsortian相的結(jié)構(gòu)53-55        5.1.2 密西西比Waulsortian丘實例55        5.1.3 Waulsortian丘總特點55-56    5.2 黔南生物灰泥丘與世界Waulortian丘對比56-64        5.2.1. 規(guī)模對比57-58        5.2.2. 巖相對比58-59        5.2.3. 造丘生物對比59        5.2.4. 丘內(nèi)常見生物對比59        5.2.5. 成丘地層對比59-60        5.2.6. 晶洞充填及裂隙充填對比60-61        5.2.7. 丘體結(jié)構(gòu)對比61        5.2.8. 成巖作用對比61-62        5.2.9. 沉積環(huán)境對比62-64第六章 主要結(jié)論64-66圖版說明66-70圖版70-78參考文獻78-86致謝86

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：黔南晚石炭世生物灰泥丘生長發(fā)育特征研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。