【摘要】：超高層建筑的安全性問(wèn)題是現(xiàn)代土木工程建設(shè)領(lǐng)域中所面臨的重要問(wèn)題之一。超高層建筑的變形監(jiān)測(cè)由于其獨(dú)特性，常常很難利用常規(guī)測(cè)量方法進(jìn)行，GPS由于具有眾多優(yōu)點(diǎn)已經(jīng)成為超高層建筑變形監(jiān)測(cè)的主要方法之一，通常采用GPSRTK技術(shù)進(jìn)行變形解算，近些年國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者根據(jù)變形監(jiān)測(cè)的特點(diǎn)提出了適用于小變形監(jiān)測(cè)的單歷元算法，這種方法不需要進(jìn)行周跳的探測(cè)和修復(fù)，而且只需要一個(gè)歷元的數(shù)據(jù)就可以解算出變形，將單歷元算法應(yīng)用于超高層建筑的變形監(jiān)測(cè)具有重要意義。 本文系統(tǒng)研究了GPS單歷元變形解算方法，主要研究?jī)?nèi)容和貢獻(xiàn)有： 1)詳細(xì)闡述了無(wú)整周單歷元算法和單歷元似單差算法，通過(guò)推導(dǎo)從理論上證明了單歷元似單差算法與無(wú)整周單歷元算法是一致的。 2)針對(duì)單歷元算法中需要利用首期觀測(cè)坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行雙差模糊度固定這一問(wèn)題，分析推導(dǎo)出單歷元變形解算中可以利用首期觀測(cè)坐標(biāo)固定雙差模糊度的變形范圍為0.2周（最不利情形下）。 3)利用單歷元算法進(jìn)行較大變形解算時(shí)需要進(jìn)行模糊度搜索，為了提高模糊度搜索效率，提出了一種殘差計(jì)算的快速方法，比直接解算法方程提高效率15%左右。 4)為了將單歷元算法應(yīng)用于連續(xù)變形監(jiān)測(cè)，在分析單歷元變形解算特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了利用高采樣率接收機(jī)和單歷元算法進(jìn)行連續(xù)變形監(jiān)測(cè)的方法，通過(guò)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了這種方法的可行性。 5)多路徑效應(yīng)是影響單歷元變形解算精度的主要因素，在分析多路徑效應(yīng)機(jī)理的基礎(chǔ)上，利用多路徑效應(yīng)與信號(hào)方位有關(guān)這一特點(diǎn)，提出利用球諧函數(shù)估計(jì)各個(gè)方位的多路徑效應(yīng)，其結(jié)果可以反應(yīng)出多路徑效應(yīng)嚴(yán)重的信號(hào)方向。 6)針對(duì)變形監(jiān)測(cè)中多路徑效應(yīng)難以改正這一問(wèn)題，采用小波變換提取出靜態(tài)變形序列中的低頻部分即多路徑效應(yīng)對(duì)隨后的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行改正，，可以提高精度30%左右。 7)利用Matlab進(jìn)行了程序設(shè)計(jì)，編制了單歷元變形解算軟件，處理了某超高層建筑的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)并取得了較好的結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:The safety of super-high-rise buildings is one of the most important problems in the field of modern civil engineering construction. Because of its unique characteristics, it is often difficult to use the conventional surveying method for deformation monitoring of super-tall buildings. Because of its many advantages, it has become one of the main methods for deformation monitoring of super-tall buildings. Usually, GPSRTK technology is used to calculate the deformation of super-tall buildings. In recent years, according to the characteristics of deformation monitoring, domestic scholars have proposed a single epoch algorithm suitable for small deformation monitoring. This method does not need to detect and repair cycle slips, and only needs one epoch data to solve the deformation. It is very important to apply single epoch algorithm to deformation monitoring of super tall buildings. In this paper, the method of GPS single epoch deformation solution is systematically studied. The main contents and contributions are as follows: 1) the single epoch algorithm without integer cycle and the single epoch like single difference algorithm are described in detail. It is proved theoretically that the algorithm of single epoch is consistent with the algorithm of single epoch without integer cycle. 2) in the algorithm of single epoch, it is necessary to use the first observation coordinate to fix the ambiguity of double difference. It is deduced that the deformation range of double difference ambiguity can be fixed by the first observation coordinate in the deformation solution of single epoch. The range of deformation is 0.2 cycle (in the worst case). 3) the ambiguity search is needed when the single epoch algorithm is used to solve the large deformation. In order to improve the efficiency of ambiguity searching, a fast method for calculating residual error is proposed, which is about 15% more efficient than the direct solution of the equation. 4) in order to apply the single epoch algorithm to continuous deformation monitoring, On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of single epoch deformation calculation, a method of continuous deformation monitoring using high sampling rate receiver and single epoch algorithm is proposed. The feasibility of this method is verified by experiments. 5) the multipath effect is the main factor that affects the accuracy of single epoch deformation solution. Based on the analysis of the mechanism of multipath effect, Based on the characteristic that the multipath effect is related to the azimuth of the signal, the spherical harmonic function is used to estimate the multipath effect of each azimuth. The results can reflect the direction of signal with serious multipath effect. 6) it is difficult to correct the problem of multipath effect in deformation monitoring. Wavelet transform is used to extract the low-frequency part of the static deformation sequence, that is, multipath effect to correct the subsequent data. The accuracy can be improved by about 30%. (7) the program is designed by using Matlab, and the software for calculating the deformation of single epoch is developed. The experimental data of a super-tall building are processed and good results are obtained.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TU196.1;P228.4

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