【摘要】：近年來對中東鐵路歷史建筑的研究正引起越來越多的人們的重視，相關研究也不斷向廣度和深度拓展。其中值得注意的是，中東鐵路建筑大多分布于東北最寒冷的地區(qū)，在建筑過程中，建筑的防寒保溫問題始終是首先加以考慮和解決的方面，而中東鐵路建筑恰恰在這方面形成了非常成熟的技術系統(tǒng)，體現了當時的保溫采暖技術水平。 從建筑分布來看，中東鐵路建筑地處東北嚴寒地區(qū)，與俄羅斯本土氣候環(huán)境相似，，因此對建筑的防寒保溫有著特殊的考慮。在建筑總平面上注重城鎮(zhèn)選址和建筑布局，將城鎮(zhèn)、建筑與周邊地理環(huán)境結合設計，充分利用各種地理條件；在建筑單體上合理的設計建筑平面、窗墻比和體型系數，使建筑單體的防寒保溫臻于完善；同時注重門斗、地下室及悶頂等過渡空間的設計，最大化的降低室外環(huán)境對室內溫度的影響。 從建筑構造與節(jié)點設計來看，精心選擇外墻材料，注重樓地面構造，合理設計門窗節(jié)點。外墻材料有單一和復合兩種形式，單一形式材料主要以磚、石、木三種天然材料為主，復合材料形成了木材-鋸末、磚木、磚石、鋼木四種復合材料墻體形式；樓地面的設計根據不同建筑的結構和保溫需求形成了基本型、衍生型和復合型三種樓地面形式；在門窗節(jié)點的設計上，盡量避免熱量在門窗洞口處的消耗，并嚴密嵌縫，確保室內溫度。 在室內的采暖設計上，根據不同的建筑規(guī)模和采暖需求形成了壁爐、爐灶、火墻、集中采暖四種采暖形式，各采暖系統(tǒng)協(xié)調搭配、優(yōu)勢互補，并輔以特殊的節(jié)點設計，使室內采暖系統(tǒng)臻于完善。 本研究可以為進一步的中東鐵路建筑遺產保護、修復以及再利用研究奠定相關基礎。
[Abstract]:In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the research of railway historical buildings in the Middle East. It is worth noting that most of the railway buildings in the Middle East are located in the coldest areas of the Northeast. In the process of construction, the problem of preventing the cold and heat preservation of the buildings is always the first aspect to be considered and solved. And the Middle East railway building has formed a very mature technical system in this respect, which reflects the technical level of heat preservation and heating at that time. From the view of architectural distribution, the Middle East railway building is located in the cold region of Northeast China, similar to the native climate and environment of Russia, so it has special consideration to the building's cold prevention and heat preservation. Pay attention to the location and layout of cities and towns on the general plane of buildings, combine the design of towns, buildings and the surrounding geographical environment, make full use of all kinds of geographical conditions, design the building plane, window wall ratio and shape coefficient reasonably on the single building, At the same time, it pays attention to the design of the transition space, such as door bucket, basement and stuffy roof, so as to minimize the influence of outdoor environment on indoor temperature. From the point of view of architectural structure and node design, the exterior wall material is carefully selected, the floor structure of the building is paid attention to, and the door and window joints are reasonably designed. There are two forms of external wall materials: brick, stone and wood. The composite materials are composed of wood and sawdust, brick and wood, brick and stone, and steel and wood. According to the structure and insulation requirements of different buildings, the floor design of the building has formed three kinds of floor forms, namely, basic type, derivative type and compound type. In the design of door and window joints, the heat consumption at the openings of doors and windows is avoided as far as possible, and the joints are closely interspersed. Ensure indoor temperature. In indoor heating design, according to different building scale and heating demand, four heating forms are formed, such as fireplace, stove, fire wall, centralized heating system, coordinated collocation of each heating system, complementary advantages, and special node design. Make indoor heating system perfect. This study can lay a foundation for further research on the protection, restoration and reuse of railway heritage in the Middle East.
【學位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TU111.41;TU832

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