【摘要】：飲水安全正逐漸成為一個全球關(guān)注的問題,發(fā)展中國家尤以為甚。雨水集蓄利用因其具有適用于分散居民點,操作簡單,成本低廉等特點,正日益受到人們的重視。我國通過修建水窖、水柜等小型集雨設(shè)施解決了一些地區(qū)水資源短缺問題,但以細菌為代表的集雨水質(zhì)污染問題嚴(yán)重制約了其廣泛應(yīng)用。我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)居住相對分散,受社會經(jīng)濟和地理條件限制,常規(guī)集中式水廠不能在農(nóng)村地區(qū)普及,通常情況下,農(nóng)戶只進行蓄前粗濾和蓄后沉淀,這些措施并不能有效去除集雨水中的病毒、細菌、重金屬等有害物質(zhì),因此,必須進行集雨水深度處理以保障集雨水飲用安全。 慢濾技術(shù)已有兩百年的發(fā)展歷史,該技術(shù)綜合運用物理、化學(xué)、生物作用進行水質(zhì)凈化,其優(yōu)異的水處理效果獲得了廣泛贊譽。慢濾技術(shù)具有運行維護簡單,制水成本低廉,處理出水不需要化學(xué)消毒即可達標(biāo)等特點,但該技術(shù)對污染物的去除機制尚不清楚,需要開展進一步研究工作,以期能夠減少濾料堵塞機率,提高去除效率,延長運行周期,優(yōu)化運行管理。 本論文設(shè)計加工了4個生物慢濾反應(yīng)器(編號為1#、2#、3#、4#),分別裝填不同粒徑濾料(0.15-0.3mm、0.3-0.9mm、0.9-1.35mm、0.3-0.9mm),其中4#生物慢濾反應(yīng)器進行避光遮擋。通過測定氨氮、重金屬、有機物、濁度、細菌等污染物的去除效果,確定了生物慢濾技術(shù)最優(yōu)設(shè)計和運行參數(shù)：①濾料粒徑最優(yōu)為0.3-0.6mm。②濾料裝填高度最優(yōu)為0.6-0.9m。③運行適宜溫度為15-35℃。④濾速最優(yōu)為0.2m/h-0.6m/h。 本論文揭示了生物慢濾反應(yīng)器中存在硝化反硝化作用,其硝化作用發(fā)生在濾器上部0.5m內(nèi),反硝化作用在濾器下部完成。當(dāng)C/N比為1.6-1.8時,有利于硝化反硝化作用進行。通過對濾床不同深度濾料掃描電鏡分析,菌落總數(shù)、SS、POC取樣測試,生物慢濾反應(yīng)器避光對比試驗等,深入探討了生物慢濾反應(yīng)器中的微生物作用機制。研究結(jié)果表明,表層生物黏膜中含有豐富的微生物群落,包括細菌、藻類、原生動物以及各種微生物分泌物,這些微生物形成了良性循環(huán)的食物鏈；微生物主要集中在表層2cm高度范圍的濾料中,濾床高度為90cm即能保證出水水質(zhì),為生物慢濾反應(yīng)器設(shè)計和運行維護提供了參考數(shù)據(jù)；適當(dāng)?shù)恼趽醣芄獯胧┘瓤梢杂行б种圃孱惿L,增加運行周期,又不會降低處理效果,對于生物慢濾技術(shù)的實際應(yīng)用具有指導(dǎo)意義。 本論文在試驗研究的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計開發(fā)了三套集雨水處理裝置：家用自動生物慢濾水處理設(shè)備、慢濾池表層微生物黏膜清除裝置、家用電解食鹽水消毒液發(fā)生器。研發(fā)的這些裝置為集雨水飲用安全保障奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。 生物慢濾技術(shù)對集雨水中的濁度、色度、臭味、有機物、氨氮、重金屬和菌落總數(shù)等指標(biāo)均有較好的去除效果,處理后出水水質(zhì)可以滿足國家《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB5749-2006)限值要求。我國云南、廣西、四川等地近年來的持續(xù)大旱為當(dāng)?shù)卣绾蝺?yōu)化利用水資源敲響了警鐘,雨水收集處理后飲用為解決這些地區(qū)水資源短缺問題探尋了新途徑。
[Abstract]:Water safety is becoming a global concern, especially in developing countries. Rainwater storage is being paid more and more attention because of its characteristics that are suitable for dispersing residential sites, simple operation, low cost and so on. Our country has solved the shortage of water resources in some areas through the construction of water cellar, water tank and other small rainwater collecting facilities. However, the problem of water quality pollution, represented by bacteria, seriously restricts its wide application. The rural areas in China are relatively scattered, restricted by the social and economic and geographical conditions, and the conventional centralized water plants can not be popularized in rural areas. In general, the farmers only carry out the pre storage coarse filtration and post storage precipitation, and these measures do not effectively remove the collection. The harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria and heavy metals in rainwater must be treated in depth to ensure the safety of drinking.
The slow filtration technology has been developed for two hundred years. The technology has been widely used in water purification with physical, chemical and biological effects. Its excellent water treatment effect has been widely praised. The slow filtration technology has the characteristics of simple operation and maintenance, low cost of water making, and the treatment of effluent without chemical disinfection. The removal mechanism is still unclear, and further research is needed to reduce the probability of filter clogging, improve the removal efficiency, prolong the operation period and optimize the operation and management.
In this paper, 4 biological slow filter reactors (numbered 1#, 2#, 3#, 4#) were designed to fill different particle size filters (0.15-0.3mm, 0.3-0.9mm, 0.9-1.35mm, 0.3-0.9mm) respectively, and the 4# biological slow filter reactor was used to avoid light shielding. The biological slow filtration technique was determined by measuring the removal effect of ammonia, heavy metals, turbidity, bacteria and other pollutants. The optimum design and operation parameters of the operation are as follows: (1) the optimum particle size of the filter material is 0.3-0.6mm. (2) the optimum loading height of the filter material is 0.6-0.9m. (the optimum operating temperature is 15-35 C). 4. The optimum filter speed is 0.2m/h-0.6m/h.
This paper reveals the nitrification and denitrification in the biological slow filter reactor, which occurs in the upper 0.5m of the filter, and the denitrification is completed in the lower part of the filter. When the C/N ratio is 1.6-1.8, it is beneficial to nitrification and denitrification. By scanning electron microscopy analysis of filter bed depth, the total number of colonies, SS, POC sampling and testing. The mechanism of microbial action in the biological slow filtration reactor is deeply discussed. The results show that there are abundant microbial communities in the surface biofilm, including bacteria, algae, protozoa and various microbial exudates, which form a healthy circulation food chain; microbes The filter bed is mainly concentrated in the height range of the surface 2cm. The height of the filter bed is 90cm, which can guarantee the water quality. It provides the reference data for the design and operation of the biological slow filter reactor. The appropriate shielding measures can not only effectively inhibit the growth of algae, increase the operation cycle, but also can not reduce the treatment effect, for biological slow filtration technology. The practical application is of guiding significance.
In this paper, three sets of rainwater collection devices are designed and developed on the basis of experimental research: domestic automatic biological slow filter water treatment equipment, microorganism mucous membrane cleaning device of slow filter, and household electrolysis salt water disinfectant generator. These devices have laid a solid foundation for the safety of rainwater drinking.
The biological slow filtration technology has better removal effect on the turbidity, chromaticity, odor, organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, heavy metal and the total number of colonies in the rain water, and the water quality after treatment can meet the national standard of drinking water sanitary standard > (GB5749-2006) limit. The persistent drought in Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places in recent years is the local administration in China. The government has sounded the alarm on how to optimize the use of water resources, and drinking after rainwater collection has explored a new way to solve the problem of water shortage in these areas.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國水利水電科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TU991.2

【參考文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 陳炬鋒;劉磊磊;;雨水水質(zhì)研究進展[J];安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2007年07期

2 曹輝;廖秋陽;;生物慢濾池應(yīng)用于鄂西山區(qū)雨水的處理研究[J];安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2010年22期

3 劉玲花,周懷東,王衛(wèi)紅,李文奇;生物慢濾技術(shù)用于農(nóng)村飲水處理的研究[J];安全與環(huán)境學(xué)報;2004年01期

4 呂錫武,李叢娜,稻森悠平;溶解氧及活性污泥濃度對同步硝化反硝化的影響[J];城市環(huán)境與城市生態(tài);2001年01期

5 謝薇;秦克麗;丁昆侖;孫文海;;不同集雨面及水窖形式下的窖水水質(zhì)分析[J];灌溉排水學(xué)報;2011年01期

6 陳春帆;;榆中縣缺水地區(qū)雨水資源利用狀況調(diào)研報告[J];甘肅農(nóng)業(yè);2007年05期

7 曹瑞鈺;氯消毒機理、危害及脫氯[J];中國給水排水;1995年04期

8 李思敏;張建昆;宿程遠;王建強;盧亮;;生物砂濾池去除微污染源水中有機物的試驗研究[J];中國給水排水;2006年17期

9 鄧志光;吳宗義;蔣衛(wèi)列;;城市初期雨水的處理技術(shù)路線初探[J];中國給水排水;2009年10期

10 黃勇強;吳濤;厲晶晶;楊飚;;初期棄流/旋流分離/生態(tài)浮床工藝處理徑流雨水[J];中國給水排水;2010年11期

相關(guān)重要報紙文章 前1條

1 ;[N];中國水利報;2004年

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 蘇俊峰;異養(yǎng)型同步硝化反硝化脫氮技術(shù)及微生物特性研究[D];哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué);2007年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 何燕;重慶市主城區(qū)水中多環(huán)芳烴的污染狀況分析及環(huán)境行為初步研究[D];西南大學(xué);2008年

2 馬德娣;室內(nèi)模擬降雨地表徑流污染物輸移規(guī)律[D];蘭州交通大學(xué);2010年

，

本文編號：2164859