本文選題：宜居城市 + 可持續(xù)城市��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：老撾人民民主共和國(guó)自1975年成立以來(lái),老撾政府在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)不遺余力地建設(shè)必要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以推進(jìn)城市化進(jìn)程。1986年,老撾政府開(kāi)始實(shí)施新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。改革后,老撾的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng),老撾人民的生活水平顯著提升。 2005年至2010年期間,老撾首都萬(wàn)象的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展穩(wěn)步提升。每年的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)增幅達(dá)12.10%,較2001年至2005年間的GDP增幅提高99.90%。首都萬(wàn)象的GDP占老撾全國(guó)GDP總量的27%,人均年收入達(dá)1755.00美元,較2001年至2005年間的人均年收入(957.72美元)增長(zhǎng)了801.28美元。萬(wàn)象同時(shí)還是老撾的政治、行政、文化和科技中心,相較于老撾其它省份,萬(wàn)象的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展具有更大更快的潛力。在建設(shè)更加文明和現(xiàn)代化的城市進(jìn)程中,老撾也需為子孫后代保護(hù)本國(guó)的自然資源以及文化和傳統(tǒng)。 大量人口遷入使得萬(wàn)象的人口急劇增加。此外,在不同時(shí)期,萬(wàn)象也面臨著許多不同且復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題包括環(huán)境、城市結(jié)構(gòu)、交通以及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化等方面,具體如下： 1)環(huán)境問(wèn)題 由于過(guò)度消耗資源且缺乏有效的資源保護(hù),加之居民生活,工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和交通運(yùn)輸?shù)冗^(guò)程產(chǎn)生大量廢水和廢氣,萬(wàn)象的環(huán)境問(wèn)題正逐漸影響人民健康。此外,綠地和公園的匱乏會(huì)降低居民的生活質(zhì)量,這與居民的身心健康直接相關(guān)。 2)城市形態(tài)與結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題 萬(wàn)象的城市形態(tài)與結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)城市總體的風(fēng)貌有重要的影響。對(duì)土地利用目的和土地類型缺乏管理或者管理不當(dāng),不考慮城市結(jié)構(gòu)的資本主義發(fā)展,無(wú)效的城市規(guī)劃會(huì)引起許多問(wèn)題。所有的這些因素構(gòu)成了主城區(qū)的擴(kuò)張和郊區(qū)的擴(kuò)張。 3)交通問(wèn)題 城區(qū)面積有限而人口卻不斷激增使得道路的需求量增大,從而給交通管理體系造成一些問(wèn)題。居民的高出行頻率和城市形貌的問(wèn)題共同促使交通問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)。此外,萬(wàn)象的城市結(jié)構(gòu)未能很好應(yīng)對(duì)激增的人口。狹窄的城市街道,不當(dāng)?shù)某鞘幸?guī)劃,不足的停車位造成城市的交通問(wèn)題日益凸顯。確切地講,公共交通推廣力度不夠,運(yùn)能不足,覆蓋面不夠廣致使私家車成為主要的出行方式是造成交通問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵因素。 4)經(jīng)濟(jì),社會(huì)和文化問(wèn)題 經(jīng)濟(jì),社會(huì)和文化的問(wèn)題對(duì)城市的提升有直接的影響。這些問(wèn)題與居民的日常生活方式和健康緊密相關(guān)。如果老撾有良好的環(huán)境,良好的交通系統(tǒng),穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì),那將為人民創(chuàng)造更好的生活條件,同時(shí)提高人民的精神健康程度。 這些問(wèn)題對(duì)萬(wàn)象非常重要,因?yàn)樗鼈冎苯佑绊懭f(wàn)象市民的生活狀況和生活品質(zhì),降低居民幸福指數(shù),阻礙宜居及可持續(xù)的城市發(fā)展。一般來(lái)說(shuō),這些問(wèn)題會(huì)隨著全球環(huán)境和資源的退化而逐漸升級(jí)。生產(chǎn),建筑,商業(yè),交通等行業(yè)消耗越來(lái)越多的資源和能量,產(chǎn)生更多的“三廢”,這些“三廢”對(duì)大氣、水體和土壤環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重的影響。 本研究試圖找出適用于萬(wàn)象未來(lái)發(fā)展的宜居及可持續(xù)城市規(guī)劃理論,具體如下： 1.為了確立最適合萬(wàn)象的城市規(guī)劃理念,本研究查找了世界范圍內(nèi)有影響力和認(rèn)可度的宜居及可持續(xù)城市規(guī)劃理念。 2.為了解決當(dāng)前萬(wàn)象城市規(guī)劃中出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境、城市結(jié)構(gòu)、交通系統(tǒng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化等問(wèn)題,本研究確立了最佳城市規(guī)劃理念。 3.對(duì)比研究上海典范城市的城市規(guī)劃理念和城市環(huán)境管理,為萬(wàn)象的城市規(guī)劃提供參考。 當(dāng)前,由于缺乏合理的城市規(guī)劃理念,老撾首都萬(wàn)象存在許多問(wèn)題。城市的混亂無(wú)序發(fā)展將使越來(lái)越多的貧民窟出現(xiàn)。隨著人們對(duì)城市無(wú)規(guī)劃發(fā)展及城市過(guò)度消耗資源所造成的負(fù)面影響日益關(guān)注,建設(shè)宜居及可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市成為消除城市貧困、社會(huì)不公和環(huán)境惡化的有力途徑,尤其是在全球化日益深化的形勢(shì)下。 宜居及可持續(xù)的城市規(guī)劃理念涉及許多相互交叉關(guān)聯(lián)的因素,這些因素共同影響著都市區(qū)里居民的生活質(zhì)量。完備的基礎(chǔ)公用設(shè)施對(duì)提升城市居民的生活質(zhì)量至關(guān)重要。建設(shè)宜居及可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市在今日的老撾勢(shì)在必行,因?yàn)槔蠐氲某鞘谢M(jìn)程正朝著和諧、可持續(xù)的方向發(fā)展。宜居的理念亦是可持續(xù)發(fā)展型城市的代表。宜居及可持續(xù)的城市規(guī)劃理念對(duì)于建設(shè)一個(gè)在環(huán)境管理,城市結(jié)構(gòu),交通運(yùn)輸,經(jīng)濟(jì)文化等各方面都良好的首都必不可少。 城市規(guī)劃理念對(duì)于城市的宜居性及可持續(xù)發(fā)展性也至關(guān)重要�？焖俚某鞘袛U(kuò)張已給老撾的許多城市帶來(lái)明顯的問(wèn)題。針對(duì)哪一種規(guī)劃理念更適合萬(wàn)象的問(wèn)題,本論文研究了兩種極端城市規(guī)劃理念：花園城市和緊湊型城市。通過(guò)對(duì)不同規(guī)劃理論的分析,以及對(duì)中國(guó)上海和老撾瑯勃拉邦的城市規(guī)劃對(duì)比分析,本文確立了適用于萬(wàn)象的城市規(guī)劃理念及環(huán)境管理方法,以解決萬(wàn)象目前存在的問(wèn)題。 本研究主要的研究方法如下： 1.指出問(wèn)題的重要性,研究目的,研究對(duì)象和研究區(qū)域。 2.通過(guò)規(guī)劃理論和案例分析收集原始數(shù)據(jù),根據(jù)宜居及可持續(xù)的城市規(guī)劃理念來(lái)評(píng)估這些數(shù)據(jù)。 3.研究萬(wàn)象所面臨的所有問(wèn)題以分析有關(guān)宜居及可持續(xù)的城市規(guī)劃問(wèn)題。綜合考慮萬(wàn)象發(fā)展?jié)摿εc政府政策支持,社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,悠久的文化傳統(tǒng)以及老撾人民的生活方式,以確立最適合萬(wàn)象的城市規(guī)劃理念。 4.針對(duì)當(dāng)前萬(wàn)象存在的諸如環(huán)境、城市形貌、交通、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化等方面的問(wèn)題,分析運(yùn)用花園城市理念和緊湊型城市理念進(jìn)行城市規(guī)劃以解決這些問(wèn)題。 5.研究宜居型城市——老撾瑯勃拉邦和可持續(xù)發(fā)展型城市——中國(guó)上海的案例,結(jié)合全球公認(rèn)的花園型城市規(guī)劃理論和緊湊型城市規(guī)劃理論對(duì)萬(wàn)象的城市規(guī)劃理念進(jìn)行分析。 6.總結(jié)以上研究結(jié)果,最終得出將萬(wàn)象建設(shè)為宜居及可持續(xù)發(fā)展型城市的規(guī)劃理念。 本研究的重要性在于為未來(lái)老撾首都萬(wàn)象的建設(shè)提供一種城市規(guī)劃理念�；▓@城市和緊湊型城市是兩種可靠,可持續(xù)的城市規(guī)劃理念,這兩種城市規(guī)劃理念在響應(yīng)公眾需求,保護(hù)環(huán)境,發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面十分有效。 研究得出的總的規(guī)劃理念包括： ①將城市規(guī)劃的好處最大化； ②關(guān)注城市規(guī)劃的效力和效率； ③關(guān)注環(huán)境問(wèn)題； ④保存和恢復(fù)民族的特點(diǎn)和遺產(chǎn)； ⑤識(shí)別混合使用的土地； ⑥完善的衛(wèi)生和公共服務(wù)系統(tǒng),減少私家車的使用,支持公共交通系統(tǒng)； ⑦明確城市綠地,城市河網(wǎng)和空氣質(zhì)量的重要性； ⑧明確交通系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建的重要性,鼓勵(lì)步行,鼓勵(lì)能源回收。 通過(guò)參考中國(guó)上海的城市環(huán)境管理和城市規(guī)劃經(jīng)驗(yàn),本論文最終得出了適合老撾的宜居及可持續(xù)城市發(fā)展理念,將有助于改善萬(wàn)象居民的生活條件和品質(zhì),促進(jìn)萬(wàn)象的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),實(shí)現(xiàn)萬(wàn)象的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975, the Laos government has spared no effort to build the necessary infrastructure to promote the process of urbanization in.1986, and the Laos government began to implement the new economic policy. After the reform, the Laos economic growth and the living standard of Laos people have improved significantly.
From 2005 to 2010, the economic development of Vientiane in the capital of Laos increased steadily. The annual gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 12.10%, compared with 27% of the total GDP total in Laos compared with the GDP increase of 99.90%. capital from 2001 to 2005. The per capita annual income reached $1755, compared with the per capita annual income of 957.72 from 2001 to 2005. It has increased by 801.28 dollars. Vientiane is also the political, administrative, cultural and technological center of Laos, which has a greater and faster potential for the economic development of Vientiane than in other provinces of Laos. In the process of building a more civilized and modern city, Laos also needs to protect its natural resources and culture and tradition for its descendants.
In addition, the Vientiane faces many different and complex problems at different times, including the environment, urban structure, traffic and economic, social and cultural aspects, as follows:
1) environmental problems
Due to the excessive consumption of resources and the lack of effective resources protection, in addition to the living, industrial production and transportation and other processes produced a large amount of waste water and waste gas, the environmental problems of the Vientiane are gradually affecting the people's health. In addition, the lack of green space and parks will reduce the living quality of the residents, which is directly related to the physical and mental health of the residents.
2) the problem of urban form and structure
The urban morphology and structure of Vientiane have an important influence on the overall style of the city. The lack of management or management of the purpose of land use and land types, and the lack of consideration of the capitalist development of the urban structure, and the ineffective urban planning will cause many problems. All these factors constitute the expansion of the main urban areas and the expansion of the suburbs.
3) traffic problems
The limited urban area and the increasing population have increased the demand for the road, which causes some problems in the traffic management system. The high travel frequency and the urban morphology of the residents contribute to the problem of traffic. In addition, the city structure of the Vientiane is not well responding to the increasing population. The narrow city streets, the unsuitable cities. Planning, the lack of parking space has caused the urban traffic problems to become increasingly prominent. To be exact, the lack of public transport, inadequate transport capacity, insufficient coverage, and the lack of coverage to make private cars the main mode of travel are the key factors that cause traffic problems.
4) economic, social and cultural issues
Economic, social and cultural issues have a direct impact on the promotion of cities. These problems are closely related to the daily lifestyles and health of the residents. If Laos has a good environment, a good transportation system and a stable growth economy, it will create better living items for the people and improve the people's mental health.
These problems are very important to Vientiane, because they directly affect the living conditions and quality of life of the Vientiane, reduce the population's happiness index, impede livable and sustainable urban development. Generally, these problems will gradually upgrade with the degradation of the global environment and resources. Production, construction, commerce, transportation and other industries are becoming more and more consumed. More resources and energy generate more "three wastes". These "three wastes" have a serious impact on the atmosphere, water and soil environment.
The purpose of this study is to identify livable and sustainable urban planning theories applicable to the future development of Vientiane.
1. in order to establish the most suitable urban planning concept of Vientiane, this research has found the concept of livable and sustainable urban planning in the world with influence and recognition.
2. in order to solve the problems of the current Vientiane city planning, the urban structure, the transportation system, the economy, the society and the culture, the best urban planning concept has been established in this study.
3. to compare and study the urban planning concepts and urban environmental management of the model cities in Shanghai, so as to provide references for Vientiane's urban planning.
At present, due to the lack of reasonable urban planning concept, there are many problems in the Vientiane in Laos capital. The disorder and disorderly development of the city will make more and more slums appear. As people pay more attention to the negative impact of urban development and urban excessive consumption of resources, the city of livable and sustainable development will be eliminated. Urban poverty, social injustice and environmental degradation are powerful ways, especially in the increasingly globalized world.
The livable and sustainable urban planning concept involves many interrelated factors that affect the quality of life of the urban residents. A complete infrastructure is essential to improve the quality of life of the urban residents. It is imperative to build a livable and sustainable city in Laos today because of Laos. The urbanization process is moving towards harmony and sustainable development. The livable concept is also the representative of the sustainable development city. The livable and sustainable urban planning concept is essential to the construction of a good capital in all aspects of environmental management, urban structure, transportation, economy and culture.
The idea of urban planning is also crucial to the livability and sustainability of the city. Rapid urban expansion has brought obvious problems to many cities in Laos. In this paper, two kinds of extreme urban planning concepts: Garden City and compact city are studied in this paper. The analysis of the planning theory and the comparison and analysis of the urban planning in Shanghai and Luang Prabang of Laos, this paper establishes the urban planning concept and the environmental management method applicable to Vientiane so as to solve the existing problems of Vientiane.
The main research methods of this study are as follows:
1. point out the importance of the problem, research purpose, research object and research area.
2. collect the original data through planning theory and case analysis, and evaluate these data according to the concept of livable and sustainable urban planning.
3. to study all the problems faced by Vientiane to analyze the problem of livable and sustainable urban planning. The comprehensive consideration of the Vientiane development potential and government policy support, social and economic development, long cultural traditions and the way of living of the Lao people, in order to establish the most universal urban planning concept.
4. in view of the problems existing in the present Vientiane, such as environment, urban morphology, traffic, economy, society and culture, the urban planning of the garden city concept and the compact city concept is analyzed to solve these problems.
5. study the case of the livable city, Laos Luang Prabang and the sustainable development city, Shanghai, China, and analyze the urban planning concept of Vientiane in combination with the globally recognized garden city planning theory and the compact urban planning theory.
6. summing up the above research results, we finally come to the idea of building Vientiane into a livable and sustainable city.
The importance of this study is to provide a city planning concept for the future Laos capital, Vientiane. The garden city and the compact city are two reliable and sustainable urban planning concepts. The two urban planning concepts are very effective in responding to the public needs, protecting the environment and developing the economy.
The overall planning ideas of the study include:
(1) maximizing the benefits of urban planning;
(2) pay attention to the effectiveness and efficiency of urban planning;
(3) pay attention to environmental problems;
(4) to preserve and restore the characteristics and heritage of the nation;
To identify the mixed land;
Improve the health and public service system to reduce the use of private cars and support the public transport system;
To clarify the importance of urban green space, urban river network and air quality;
Clarify the importance of transportation system construction, encourage walking and encourage energy recovery.
By referring to the experience of urban environmental management and urban planning in Shanghai, this paper has finally obtained the ideal of livable and sustainable urban development suitable for Laos, which will help to improve the living conditions and quality of the Vientiane residents, promote the economic growth of the Vientiane, and realize the sustainable development of the Vientiane.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：TU984.3

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