本文選題：高層建筑火災 + 人員疏散��； 參考：《清華大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：火災是最經(jīng)常、最普遍地威脅公眾安全和社會發(fā)展的災害之一。隨著經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展，高層建筑走入歷史舞臺，然而高層建筑火災卻是世界范圍內(nèi)危害人類生命財產(chǎn)安全的難題。解決高層建筑火災難題應當防治結(jié)合，即預防與應急管理相結(jié)合。人員疏散是高層建筑火災應急管理的重要環(huán)節(jié)，研究人員在疏散過程中的心理、行為與決策是研究高層建筑火災人員疏散問題的基礎，具有重要意義。 本文在大量文獻調(diào)研、案例分析的基礎上，首先運用案例調(diào)研分析的方法，選取上�！�11·15”大火為典型案例，研究幸存者的心理特征、行為特點和決策傾向。還原了從火災發(fā)生到逃生結(jié)束受訪者進行逃生自救的過程，描述了火災發(fā)生后幸存者的基本行為與決策，并對其內(nèi)部的聯(lián)系和規(guī)律進行了深入分析。發(fā)現(xiàn)在無火災報警設施的公寓內(nèi)，人群主要依靠自我感知的方式得知火情，存在滯后現(xiàn)象，大部分人第一反應不是逃生，火勢對生命的直接威脅是人們最終選擇逃生的動機；行動不便現(xiàn)象普遍存在，人群不傾向于使用電梯；疏散延遲受多因素影響；疏散過程中的行為對疏散結(jié)果有不同程度的積極或消極影響，排隊行為并不典型。 在幸存者研究的基礎上，有針對性地設計和發(fā)放問卷，針對高層建筑日常使用者開展問卷研究，試圖了解高層建筑日常使用者的基本特征，工作環(huán)境與行為習慣，及對火災情境中行為決策的認知。發(fā)現(xiàn)高層建筑使用者平時主要使用電梯，火災中排斥電梯，逃生經(jīng)驗缺乏，孤獨感普遍存在等特征。研究總結(jié)出高層建筑使用者在火災中的決策傾向及隨樓層的變化特征，分析得出影響高層建筑使用者在火災情境中心理、行為和決策的相關因素，，得出日常行為習慣與特征影響火災情境中決策的結(jié)論。 運用效用、博弈、決策理論建立模型模擬真實情況中人群相互的影響和作用，模擬真實火災疏散情境中人群面對電梯樓梯選擇所作最終決策的分布，及隨樓層的變化規(guī)律。發(fā)現(xiàn)電梯選擇率隨樓層升高呈現(xiàn)變大趨勢，變化趨勢相較于第一反應明顯趨緩，各樓層電梯選擇率在通常情景中基本不超過10%，安全電梯情景中不超過45%等規(guī)律。
[Abstract]:Fire is one of the most frequent and widespread disasters that threaten public safety and social development. With the development of economy and society, high-rise buildings have entered the stage of history. However, the fire of high-rise buildings is a difficult problem that endangers the safety of human life and property all over the world. To solve the fire problems of high-rise buildings, prevention and emergency management should be combined. Personnel evacuation is an important link in the fire emergency management of high-rise buildings. The psychology, behavior and decision-making of researchers in the evacuation process are the basis of studying the evacuation of fire personnel in high-rise buildings, which is of great significance. Based on a large number of literature and case studies, this paper firstly selects the "1115" fire in Shanghai as a typical case to study the psychological characteristics, behavioral characteristics and decision-making tendency of the survivors. This paper restores the process of self-rescue from the fire to the end of the fire, describes the basic behavior and decision-making of the survivors after the fire, and makes a deep analysis of the internal relations and rules. Found in the apartment without fire alarm facilities, the crowd mainly rely on self-perception to know the fire, there is lag phenomenon, most people's first reaction is not to escape, the direct threat of fire to life is the final choice of escape motivation; People do not tend to use elevators; evacuation delay is affected by many factors; the behavior in the evacuation process has different positive or negative effects on the evacuation results, and the queuing behavior is not typical. Based on the research of survivors, the questionnaire is designed and distributed, and the questionnaire is designed for the daily users of high-rise buildings, in order to understand the basic characteristics, working environment and behavior habits of daily users of high-rise buildings. And the cognition of behavior decision-making in fire situation. It is found that the users of high-rise buildings mainly use elevators, fire repel elevators, lack of escape experience, loneliness and so on. The research summarizes the decision-making tendency of high-rise building users in the fire and the characteristics of the changes with the floor, and analyzes the factors that affect the psychology, behavior and decision-making of high-rise building users in the fire situation. The conclusion is drawn that daily behavior habits and characteristics affect decision making in fire situations. The utility, game and decision theory are used to establish a model to simulate the interaction and effect of the crowd in real situations, and to simulate the distribution of the final decision made by the crowd facing the elevator staircase in the real fire evacuation situation, as well as the law of variation with the floor. It is found that the elevator selection rate tends to increase with the rise of the floor, and the change trend is slower than that of the first reaction. The elevator selection rate of each floor is less than 10 in the normal situation and not more than 45% in the safety elevator scenario.
【學位授予單位】：清華大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TU972.4;TU998.1

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 李本利,關亞云;高層建筑火災中人員的心理與行為特點[J];城市與減災;2004年03期

2 葉萍;高層建筑對人們心理的影響[J];城市問題;2003年02期

3 鄔劍明;李英輝;杜紅兵;;火災中人的心理狀態(tài)及行為特點的研究[J];中國安全生產(chǎn)科學技術;2007年03期

4 張樹平,史行君,盧兆明;建筑火災中人的行為研究綜述[J];消防科學與技術;2005年02期

5 陶李華;伍衛(wèi)軍;徐亮;;超高層建筑人員安全疏散探討[J];消防科學與技術;2010年06期

6 張娟;朱國慶;李歡歡;張磊;王曉嵐;張威;;常態(tài)和緊急狀態(tài)下人員疏散對比研究[J];消防科學與技術;2011年06期

7 孫逸敏;;利用SPSS軟件分析變量間的相關性[J];新疆教育學院學報;2007年02期

8 肖國清,陳寶智,王浩,熊建明;行為矯正法在建筑火災安全中的應用研究[J];中國安全科學學報;2003年02期

9 周勇;張和平;萬玉田;;人員疏散擁堵問題的博弈分析[J];中國安全科學學報;2008年08期

10 袁啟萌;翁文國;;基于幸存者調(diào)查的高層建筑火災疏散行為研究[J];中國安全科學學報;2012年10期

本文編號：1885131