設施淺水土表覆蓋水稻秸稈的腐解效應及對蔬菜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響
發(fā)布時間：2019-07-04 06:07
【摘要】：隨著我國設施蔬菜規(guī)模化、專業(yè)化、集約化的發(fā)展,設施連作障礙問題日益突顯,嚴重影響了蔬菜的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。設施蔬菜水旱輪作新模式能明顯緩解土壤鹽漬化、降低病蟲害基數(shù),對防控連作障礙具有明顯效果。秸稈還田改善土壤性質(zhì)、提高土壤肥力、減少化肥施用量,從而提高作物產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)。本試驗將設施水旱輪作新模式與作物秸稈還田新技術結合起來,在設施水生蔬菜土表覆蓋水稻秸稈,既能利用設施水田高溫高濕加速秸稈腐解、又能避免秸稈埋土產(chǎn)生還原性有害物質(zhì)影響水生蔬菜生長,系統(tǒng)地研究了大棚蔬菜不同季節(jié)茬口下水稻秸稈腐解規(guī)律、主要土壤性質(zhì)變化及其對當季蔬菜產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響,旨在為設施蔬菜生態(tài)栽培新模式及其技術提供理論依據(jù)。為了探究大棚內(nèi)不同季節(jié)水生蔬菜表土覆蓋水稻秸稈的腐解規(guī)律及對蔬菜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和土壤理化性狀的影響,采用塑料箱栽培方式,春茬從2015年4月6日開始至2015年7月1日淺水種植蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica FoFsk.);夏茬從2015年7月16日開始至2015年10月3日淺水種植蕹菜;秋冬茬從2015年11月14日開始至2016年3月23日種植豆瓣菜(Naasturtium of ficinaleR.Br.)。結果表明:不同季節(jié)大棚內(nèi)水生蔬菜土表覆蓋水稻秸稈后土壤表層溶液電導率均呈先上升后下降最后趨緩的變化趨勢,氧化還原電位均呈先下降后上升最后趨緩的變化趨勢。土壤表層溶液電導率最大值為夏茬春茬秋冬茬。氧化還原電位最小值為夏茬秋冬茬春茬。經(jīng)過春季、夏季大棚栽培茬口 3個月的蕹菜種植,水稻秸稈腐解率分別為75.33%,89.11%;經(jīng)秋冬季大棚栽培茬口 4個月的豆瓣菜種植,水稻秸稈腐解率為69.34%。腐解率為夏茬春茬秋冬茬。春季和夏季秸稈覆蓋處理的蕹菜前期產(chǎn)量均較低而后期顯著提高,總產(chǎn)量均顯著高于對照;秋冬季秸稈覆蓋處理的豆瓣菜產(chǎn)量第1茬與對照無差異,第二茬顯著高于對照,總產(chǎn)量較對照增加6.00%。秸稈覆蓋處理顯著降低了蕹菜及豆瓣菜的粗纖維含量,顯著提高了春茬蕹菜礦物質(zhì)含量,可溶性蛋白、Vc、可溶性糖、黃酮、總酚含量均有所上升。不同季節(jié)秸稈還田土壤有機質(zhì)、全氮、全磷、全鉀含量均有上升,土壤硝態(tài)氮含量均顯著下降,土壤速效磷及速效鉀含量變化與對照無差異;春茬覆蓋水稻秸稈后土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性顯著上升,土壤蔗糖酶活性略有上升;夏茬處理土壤蔗糖酶活性顯著上升,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均略有上升但差異不顯著。秋冬茬處理土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性顯著上升,酸性磷酸酶活性變化差異不顯著。綜上所述,不同季節(jié)大棚內(nèi)水生蔬菜土表覆蓋水稻秸稈腐解率均較高,且可以顯著提高蔬菜產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),改良土壤性質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:With the development of scale, specialization and intensification of facility vegetables in China, the obstacle of facility continuous cropping is becoming more and more prominent, which seriously affects the yield and quality of vegetables. The new mode of flood and drought rotation of protected vegetables can obviously alleviate soil salinization, reduce the base of diseases and insect pests, and has obvious effect on the prevention and control of continuous cropping obstacles. Straw returning to the field can improve soil properties, improve soil fertility and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer applied, so as to improve crop yield and quality. In this experiment, the new mode of flood and drought rotation and the new technology of returning crop straw to the field were combined to cover the soil surface of aquatic vegetables with rice straw, which could not only accelerate the decomposition of straw by using the high temperature and high humidity of the facility paddy field, but also avoid the harmful substances produced by straw soil to affect the growth of aquatic vegetables. The law of rice straw decomposition under different seasons of greenhouse vegetables was systematically studied. The main changes of soil properties and their effects on the yield and quality of vegetables in the current season were in order to provide a theoretical basis for the new ecological cultivation model and techniques of protected vegetables. In order to investigate the decomposition law of rice straw covered with aquatic vegetable topsoil in greenhouse and its effect on vegetable yield, quality and soil physical and chemical properties, water spinach was planted in shallow water from April 6, 2015 to July 1, 2015 in spring stubble from July 16, 2015 to October 3, 2015. From November 14, 2015 to March 23, 2016, (Naasturtium of ficinaleR.Br. was planted in autumn and winter stubble. The results showed that the conductivity of soil surface solution increased at first and then decreased and then slowed down, and the redox potential decreased at first, then increased and finally slowed down after covering the soil surface with rice straw in different seasons. The maximum conductivity of soil surface solution is summer stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble. The minimum redox potential is summer stubble, autumn stubble, winter stubble and spring stubble. After planting water spinach in spring and summer for 3 months, the decomposition rate of rice straw was 75.33% and 89.11% respectively, and the decomposition rate of rice straw was 6934% after 4 months of greenhouse cultivation in autumn and winter. The decomposition rate is summer stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble. The early yield of water spinach treated with straw mulching in spring and summer was lower than that of the control, and the total yield was significantly higher than that of the control, but there was no difference between the first stubble and the control in autumn and winter straw mulching treatment, but the second stubble was significantly higher than the control, and the total yield was 6.00% higher than that of the control. Straw mulching significantly decreased the crude fiber content of Ipomoea spinach and Phyllostachys pubescens, and significantly increased the mineral content, soluble protein, Vc, soluble sugar, flavonoids and total phenol content of water spinach in spring stubble. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content increased, soil nitrate nitrogen content decreased significantly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change compared with control, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly after spring stubble mulching rice straw, soil sucrase activity increased slightly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased significantly in different seasons, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly, soil sucrase activity increased slightly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased significantly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change compared with control. Soil sucrase activity increased significantly, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased slightly, but the difference was not significant. The activities of sucrase and urease increased significantly in autumn and winter stubble treatment, but there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase activity. To sum up, the decomposition rate of rice straw covered with aquatic vegetable soil surface in different seasons was higher, and the yield and quality of vegetables could be significantly improved and the soil properties could be improved.
【學位授予單位】：揚州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S141.4;S626
本文編號：2509682
[Abstract]:With the development of scale, specialization and intensification of facility vegetables in China, the obstacle of facility continuous cropping is becoming more and more prominent, which seriously affects the yield and quality of vegetables. The new mode of flood and drought rotation of protected vegetables can obviously alleviate soil salinization, reduce the base of diseases and insect pests, and has obvious effect on the prevention and control of continuous cropping obstacles. Straw returning to the field can improve soil properties, improve soil fertility and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer applied, so as to improve crop yield and quality. In this experiment, the new mode of flood and drought rotation and the new technology of returning crop straw to the field were combined to cover the soil surface of aquatic vegetables with rice straw, which could not only accelerate the decomposition of straw by using the high temperature and high humidity of the facility paddy field, but also avoid the harmful substances produced by straw soil to affect the growth of aquatic vegetables. The law of rice straw decomposition under different seasons of greenhouse vegetables was systematically studied. The main changes of soil properties and their effects on the yield and quality of vegetables in the current season were in order to provide a theoretical basis for the new ecological cultivation model and techniques of protected vegetables. In order to investigate the decomposition law of rice straw covered with aquatic vegetable topsoil in greenhouse and its effect on vegetable yield, quality and soil physical and chemical properties, water spinach was planted in shallow water from April 6, 2015 to July 1, 2015 in spring stubble from July 16, 2015 to October 3, 2015. From November 14, 2015 to March 23, 2016, (Naasturtium of ficinaleR.Br. was planted in autumn and winter stubble. The results showed that the conductivity of soil surface solution increased at first and then decreased and then slowed down, and the redox potential decreased at first, then increased and finally slowed down after covering the soil surface with rice straw in different seasons. The maximum conductivity of soil surface solution is summer stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble. The minimum redox potential is summer stubble, autumn stubble, winter stubble and spring stubble. After planting water spinach in spring and summer for 3 months, the decomposition rate of rice straw was 75.33% and 89.11% respectively, and the decomposition rate of rice straw was 6934% after 4 months of greenhouse cultivation in autumn and winter. The decomposition rate is summer stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble. The early yield of water spinach treated with straw mulching in spring and summer was lower than that of the control, and the total yield was significantly higher than that of the control, but there was no difference between the first stubble and the control in autumn and winter straw mulching treatment, but the second stubble was significantly higher than the control, and the total yield was 6.00% higher than that of the control. Straw mulching significantly decreased the crude fiber content of Ipomoea spinach and Phyllostachys pubescens, and significantly increased the mineral content, soluble protein, Vc, soluble sugar, flavonoids and total phenol content of water spinach in spring stubble. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content increased, soil nitrate nitrogen content decreased significantly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change compared with control, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly after spring stubble mulching rice straw, soil sucrase activity increased slightly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased significantly in different seasons, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly, soil sucrase activity increased slightly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased significantly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change compared with control. Soil sucrase activity increased significantly, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased slightly, but the difference was not significant. The activities of sucrase and urease increased significantly in autumn and winter stubble treatment, but there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase activity. To sum up, the decomposition rate of rice straw covered with aquatic vegetable soil surface in different seasons was higher, and the yield and quality of vegetables could be significantly improved and the soil properties could be improved.
【學位授予單位】：揚州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S141.4;S626
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