秸稈全量還田雙季稻氮肥管理策略研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-05-28 21:00
【摘要】：水稻是亞洲地區(qū)最重要的糧食作物,在我國水稻種植面積大、單位面積產(chǎn)量高,對保障國家糧食安全和滿足人口增長需求具有重要意義。長期以來,施用化學氮肥是我國穩(wěn)定和提高水稻產(chǎn)量的重要手段,但在水稻生產(chǎn)中,農(nóng)民盲目施用氮肥的現(xiàn)象十分普遍,不僅導致植稻成本增加、氮素肥料的嚴重浪費,還會引發(fā)地下水污染及水體富營養(yǎng)化等一系列環(huán)境污染問題。而減少氮肥施用量又會存在水稻減產(chǎn)的風險,因此氮肥管理將成為稻作生產(chǎn)中不可缺少的重要措施。此外,隨著作物產(chǎn)量不斷增加,秸稈產(chǎn)量也在持續(xù)上升,目前中國秸稈年產(chǎn)量約占全世界秸稈總產(chǎn)量的三成,數(shù)量如此巨大的秸稈已對環(huán)境造成了極大的壓力,秸稈資源的合理利用已經(jīng)成為亟待解決的環(huán)境問題。富含作物生長所需的多種營養(yǎng)元素的秸稈歸還至農(nóng)田,既可以解決秸稈資源的處理問題,又可以提高土壤肥力,降低化肥用量,提高農(nóng)民收入。雙季稻連作是我國南方地區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)的重要方式,水稻秸稈產(chǎn)量大,且早稻與晚稻間間隔時間短,因此制定相應的氮肥管理策略對穩(wěn)定雙季稻產(chǎn)量和提高水稻對氮素的吸收利用具有重要意義。本研究基于紅壤雙季稻田秸稈全量還田長期定位試驗,通過設置不同氮肥運籌措施(包括減氮及不同基追肥比例),分析不同氮肥管理模式下雙季稻產(chǎn)量、氮素吸收以及水稻關鍵生育時期土壤養(yǎng)分的差異,探討長期秸稈還田和氮肥管理對雙季稻生產(chǎn)及氮素利用效率的影響,以期為南方雙季稻區(qū)秸稈全量還田條件下通過合理的氮肥管理實現(xiàn)稻田地力提升和提高氮肥施用效率提供進一步的理論依據(jù)和技術指導。主要研究結果如下:(1)連續(xù)3-4年秸稈全量還田條件下,與不施氮對照(S)相比,施氮提高了晚稻土壤有機質(zhì)含量及脲酶活性;減氮處理中上述肥力指標有下降趨勢,但差異未達顯著水平。氮肥減施處理中,處理SRN6:4晚稻各生育時期土壤有機質(zhì)、有效磷、速效鉀及脲酶活性基本保持較高水平;同時,增施秸稈促腐菌劑處理SRN6:4M較相同氮肥管理但不施菌劑處理SRN6:4提高了晚稻土壤有機質(zhì)、有效磷、速效鉀的含量及脲酶活性。(2)施用氮肥對土壤不同形態(tài)氮素存在較大影響,其中高氮(農(nóng)民習慣施氮)處理土壤全氮、硝態(tài)氮、固定態(tài)銨及微生物量氮含量基本保持較高水平,氮肥減施導致2015、2016年土壤硝態(tài)氮含量及2015年微生物量氮含量減少,但并未顯著降低2016年晚稻土壤全氮、交換性銨及固定態(tài)銨含量。在等量施氮條件下,氮肥適當后移導致土壤硝態(tài)氮、固定態(tài)銨及微生物量氮含量提高,而不同施肥策略對土壤全氮、交換性銨含量影響較小。秸稈促腐菌劑對減少硝態(tài)氮含量和提高固定態(tài)銨、微生物量氮含量有一定作用。同時土壤固定態(tài)銨、微生物量氮含量在2015年晚稻生育期間均呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)降低趨勢,減氮處理中,SRN4:6處理土壤固定態(tài)銨、微生物量氮含量下降幅度最大。(3)在本研究中,與農(nóng)民習慣施氮處理相比,氮肥減施并未導致雙季稻產(chǎn)量顯著降低(SRN8:2處理除外),說明在秸稈全量還田條件下氮肥減施仍然是可行的。在等量施氮條件下,增加氮肥追肥比例能夠提高雙季稻產(chǎn)量,同時配施秸稈促腐菌劑也有利于雙季稻增產(chǎn)。從2013至2016年,早稻產(chǎn)量在2014年有所降低,隨后持續(xù)升高;晚稻則有持續(xù)增產(chǎn)的趨勢。(4)本試驗條件下,雙季稻體內(nèi)氮素積累量隨氮肥用量增加而提高的趨勢,使用秸稈促腐菌劑可以提高雙季稻氮素積累量,但有降低氮素籽粒生產(chǎn)力效率及氮素收獲指數(shù)的趨勢(差異未達顯著水平)。氮肥減施處理SRN4:6、SRN6:4的雙季稻氮肥農(nóng)學效率及氮肥利用率均高于習慣施肥處理SFN4:6。在等量施氮條件下,隨著氮肥追肥比例增加,雙季稻氮肥農(nóng)學效率及氮肥利用率均逐步提高,同時秸稈促腐菌劑有利于氮肥農(nóng)學效率及氮肥利用率的提高。從2013年至2016年,早稻氮肥利用率(SFN4:6處理除外)在2014年略微上升,隨后持續(xù)下降;晚稻氮肥利用率初期呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢,后逐漸趨于平緩。(5)晚稻抽穗期至成熟期土壤固定態(tài)銨變化率與晚稻產(chǎn)量存在顯著的負相關(r=-0.414*);晚稻整個生育期土壤固定態(tài)銨總變化量、總變化率均與晚稻氮素積累量存在顯著的負相關(r=-0.512*,r=-0.505*),說明固定態(tài)銨總下降量、總下降率越大,晚稻氮素積累量越高;晚稻移栽前期至抽穗期,土壤微生物量氮變化量、變化率均與晚稻氮肥利用率呈極顯著的負相關(r=-0.655**,1=-0.596**),在晚稻整個生育期,土壤微生物量氮總變化量與晚稻氮肥利用率存在極顯著的負相關性(r=-0.539**),說明微生物量氮總下降量越大,晚稻氮肥利用率越高�？梢娊斩捜窟�田條件下土壤固定態(tài)銨及微生物量氮對土壤氮素供應具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。綜上所述,在秸稈全量還田條件下,在習慣施肥基礎上適量減施氮肥(早稻減施30 kgN/hm2,晚稻減施40kgN/hm2)且氮肥基肥:追肥為4:6時,能夠使雙季稻產(chǎn)量維持較高水平,并顯著提高氮肥利用效率,增施秸稈促腐菌劑能進一步提高產(chǎn)量及氮肥利用率。
[Abstract]:Rice is the most important food crop in the Asian region. In China, the rice planting area is large, the yield of unit area is high, and it is of great significance to guarantee the food security of the country and to meet the demand of population growth. For a long time, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to stabilize and improve the yield of rice, but in the production of rice, the farmer's blind application of the nitrogen fertilizer is very common, which not only leads to the cost of the plant and the serious waste of the nitrogen fertilizer, And can also cause a series of environmental pollution problems such as the groundwater pollution and the eutrophication of the water body. The reduction of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the risk of the reduction of rice yield, therefore, the management of nitrogen fertilizer will become an indispensable important measure in the production of rice. in addition, with the increasing crop yield, the output of the straw is continuously increasing, and the annual output of the Chinese straw accounts for about three percent of the total output of the whole world, and the quantity of the straws is so large that the straws have caused great pressure on the environment, The rational utilization of the straw resources has become an environmental problem to be solved. The straws which are rich in the various nutrient elements required for crop growth are returned to the farmland, so that the treatment problem of the straw resources can be solved, the soil fertility can be improved, the fertilizer consumption is reduced, and the income of the farmers is improved. The double-cropping rice is an important way to produce rice in the southern part of China. The yield of the rice straw is large, and the interval between the early rice and the late rice is short, so it is of great significance to develop the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer management strategy to stabilize the yield of the double-season rice and improve the absorption and utilization of the rice to the nitrogen. In this study, based on that long-term location experiment of the whole field of the double-cropping rice field in the red soil, the difference of the yield, the nitrogen absorption of the double-season rice and the soil nutrient in the key growth period of the rice were analyzed by setting different nitrogen fertilizer operation measures (including nitrogen reduction and different base topdressing ratio). The effects of long-term straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on the production and nitrogen use efficiency of double-cropping rice were discussed, with a view to providing further theoretical and technical guidance for improving the soil fertility and improving the efficiency of nitrogen application through reasonable nitrogen fertilizer management. The main results of the study are as follows: (1) Under the condition of continuous 3-4 years of total straw, the content of organic matter and the enzyme activity of the late-rice soil are improved compared with that of the non-nitrogen-control (S); the above-mentioned fertility index in the nitrogen-reducing treatment has a downward trend, but the difference does not reach a significant level. In that application treatment of nitrogen fertilizer, the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the SRN6:4 late rice are basically kept at a high level during the different growth period of the late rice, and the SRN6 is treated by the application of the straw-promoting agent to treat the SRN6: 4M with the same nitrogen fertilizer management but not the application of the microbial agent. And 4, the content of organic matter, effective phosphorus, available potassium and the enzyme activity of the late rice soil are improved. (2) The application of nitrogen fertilizer has a great effect on the nitrogen in different forms of the soil, in which the nitrogen content of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil is basically kept at a high level in the treatment of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the microbial biomass of the soil, The reduction of the nitrogen content of the soil in the soil in 2015 and 2016 and the nitrogen content of the microbial biomass in 2015, but did not significantly reduce the total nitrogen, the exchange capacity and the fixed amount of nitrogen in the late rice in 2016. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, the proper removal of the nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the increase of the nitrogen content, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil, and the effect of different fertilization strategies on the total nitrogen and the exchange capacity of the soil was small. The straw-promoting agent has a certain effect on reducing the nitrate content of the nitrate and improving the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism. In that same time, the soil fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism show a continuous decrease in the growth period of late rice in the year of 2015, and in the nitrogen reduction treatment, the SRN4:6 process the fixed state of the soil, and the decrease of the nitrogen content of the microorganism is the maximum. (3) In the present study, the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer did not result in a significant reduction in the yield of double-cropping rice (except for the treatment of SRN8:2), compared with that of the farmer's habit of applying nitrogen. In that condition of equal application of nitrogen, the increase of the application proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer can improve the yield of the double-season rice, and the application of the straw-promoting agent is also beneficial to the increase of the double-season rice. From 2013 to 2016, the output of early rice decreased in 2014 and then continued to rise; and late rice continued to increase production. (4) Under the condition of this test, the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the double-season rice is increased with the increase of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the use of the straw-promoting agent can improve the nitrogen accumulation of the double-cropping rice, but it has the tendency of reducing the productivity of the nitrogen and the index of the nitrogen harvesting (the difference does not reach a significant level). The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the double-cropping rice of SRN4:6 and SRN6:4 were higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatment SFN4:6. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, with the increase of the topdressing proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer, the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer of the double-season rice are gradually increased, and the straw-promoting agent is beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer. From 2013 to 2016, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of early rice (except for the treatment with SFN4:6) was slightly increased in 2014, and then continued to fall; the early stage of the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of late rice showed a downward trend, and gradually tended to be gentle. (5) There was a significant negative correlation between the rate of change of soil fixed state and the yield of late rice in late rice (r =-0.414 *), and there was a significant negative correlation with the amount of nitrogen accumulation in late rice (r =-0.512 *, r =-0.505 *). The total decline of the fixed state, the higher the total drop rate, the higher the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the late rice, the significant negative correlation with the nitrogen utilization rate of the late rice (r =-0.655 **,1 =-0.596 **), and the whole growth period of the late rice, There was a significant negative correlation between the total nitrogen variation of soil microbial biomass and the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice (r =-0.539 **), which indicated that the higher the total nitrogen content of the microbial biomass, the higher the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice. It can be seen that the soil fixed state and the microbial biomass nitrogen play an important role in the nitrogen supply of the soil under the condition of the full amount of the straw. To sum up, under the condition of the total field of the straw, a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer (30 kgN/ hm2 for early rice and 40 kgN/ hm2 of late rice) and the base fertilizer of the nitrogen fertilizer are added in a proper amount on the basis of the habit fertilization, the yield of the double-season rice can be maintained at a high level when the top dressing is 4:6, and the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer can be obviously improved, The application of the straw-promoting agent to the straw can further improve the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer.
【學位授予單位】：揚州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S511.42;S141.4
本文編號：2487362
[Abstract]:Rice is the most important food crop in the Asian region. In China, the rice planting area is large, the yield of unit area is high, and it is of great significance to guarantee the food security of the country and to meet the demand of population growth. For a long time, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to stabilize and improve the yield of rice, but in the production of rice, the farmer's blind application of the nitrogen fertilizer is very common, which not only leads to the cost of the plant and the serious waste of the nitrogen fertilizer, And can also cause a series of environmental pollution problems such as the groundwater pollution and the eutrophication of the water body. The reduction of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the risk of the reduction of rice yield, therefore, the management of nitrogen fertilizer will become an indispensable important measure in the production of rice. in addition, with the increasing crop yield, the output of the straw is continuously increasing, and the annual output of the Chinese straw accounts for about three percent of the total output of the whole world, and the quantity of the straws is so large that the straws have caused great pressure on the environment, The rational utilization of the straw resources has become an environmental problem to be solved. The straws which are rich in the various nutrient elements required for crop growth are returned to the farmland, so that the treatment problem of the straw resources can be solved, the soil fertility can be improved, the fertilizer consumption is reduced, and the income of the farmers is improved. The double-cropping rice is an important way to produce rice in the southern part of China. The yield of the rice straw is large, and the interval between the early rice and the late rice is short, so it is of great significance to develop the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer management strategy to stabilize the yield of the double-season rice and improve the absorption and utilization of the rice to the nitrogen. In this study, based on that long-term location experiment of the whole field of the double-cropping rice field in the red soil, the difference of the yield, the nitrogen absorption of the double-season rice and the soil nutrient in the key growth period of the rice were analyzed by setting different nitrogen fertilizer operation measures (including nitrogen reduction and different base topdressing ratio). The effects of long-term straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on the production and nitrogen use efficiency of double-cropping rice were discussed, with a view to providing further theoretical and technical guidance for improving the soil fertility and improving the efficiency of nitrogen application through reasonable nitrogen fertilizer management. The main results of the study are as follows: (1) Under the condition of continuous 3-4 years of total straw, the content of organic matter and the enzyme activity of the late-rice soil are improved compared with that of the non-nitrogen-control (S); the above-mentioned fertility index in the nitrogen-reducing treatment has a downward trend, but the difference does not reach a significant level. In that application treatment of nitrogen fertilizer, the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the SRN6:4 late rice are basically kept at a high level during the different growth period of the late rice, and the SRN6 is treated by the application of the straw-promoting agent to treat the SRN6: 4M with the same nitrogen fertilizer management but not the application of the microbial agent. And 4, the content of organic matter, effective phosphorus, available potassium and the enzyme activity of the late rice soil are improved. (2) The application of nitrogen fertilizer has a great effect on the nitrogen in different forms of the soil, in which the nitrogen content of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil is basically kept at a high level in the treatment of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the microbial biomass of the soil, The reduction of the nitrogen content of the soil in the soil in 2015 and 2016 and the nitrogen content of the microbial biomass in 2015, but did not significantly reduce the total nitrogen, the exchange capacity and the fixed amount of nitrogen in the late rice in 2016. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, the proper removal of the nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the increase of the nitrogen content, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil, and the effect of different fertilization strategies on the total nitrogen and the exchange capacity of the soil was small. The straw-promoting agent has a certain effect on reducing the nitrate content of the nitrate and improving the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism. In that same time, the soil fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism show a continuous decrease in the growth period of late rice in the year of 2015, and in the nitrogen reduction treatment, the SRN4:6 process the fixed state of the soil, and the decrease of the nitrogen content of the microorganism is the maximum. (3) In the present study, the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer did not result in a significant reduction in the yield of double-cropping rice (except for the treatment of SRN8:2), compared with that of the farmer's habit of applying nitrogen. In that condition of equal application of nitrogen, the increase of the application proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer can improve the yield of the double-season rice, and the application of the straw-promoting agent is also beneficial to the increase of the double-season rice. From 2013 to 2016, the output of early rice decreased in 2014 and then continued to rise; and late rice continued to increase production. (4) Under the condition of this test, the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the double-season rice is increased with the increase of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the use of the straw-promoting agent can improve the nitrogen accumulation of the double-cropping rice, but it has the tendency of reducing the productivity of the nitrogen and the index of the nitrogen harvesting (the difference does not reach a significant level). The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the double-cropping rice of SRN4:6 and SRN6:4 were higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatment SFN4:6. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, with the increase of the topdressing proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer, the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer of the double-season rice are gradually increased, and the straw-promoting agent is beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer. From 2013 to 2016, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of early rice (except for the treatment with SFN4:6) was slightly increased in 2014, and then continued to fall; the early stage of the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of late rice showed a downward trend, and gradually tended to be gentle. (5) There was a significant negative correlation between the rate of change of soil fixed state and the yield of late rice in late rice (r =-0.414 *), and there was a significant negative correlation with the amount of nitrogen accumulation in late rice (r =-0.512 *, r =-0.505 *). The total decline of the fixed state, the higher the total drop rate, the higher the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the late rice, the significant negative correlation with the nitrogen utilization rate of the late rice (r =-0.655 **,1 =-0.596 **), and the whole growth period of the late rice, There was a significant negative correlation between the total nitrogen variation of soil microbial biomass and the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice (r =-0.539 **), which indicated that the higher the total nitrogen content of the microbial biomass, the higher the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice. It can be seen that the soil fixed state and the microbial biomass nitrogen play an important role in the nitrogen supply of the soil under the condition of the full amount of the straw. To sum up, under the condition of the total field of the straw, a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer (30 kgN/ hm2 for early rice and 40 kgN/ hm2 of late rice) and the base fertilizer of the nitrogen fertilizer are added in a proper amount on the basis of the habit fertilization, the yield of the double-season rice can be maintained at a high level when the top dressing is 4:6, and the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer can be obviously improved, The application of the straw-promoting agent to the straw can further improve the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer.
【學位授予單位】：揚州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S511.42;S141.4
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