發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-04-04 19:44

【摘要】：酸化上壤直接影響水稻根系與土壤酶類和微生物類群,從而影響到水稻地上部分的生長發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量。本研究基于前兩年的研究結(jié)果,以不同酸性敏感性雙季晚稻品種為材料,通過酸化稻田對比試驗(yàn)和盆栽模擬酸化試驗(yàn),比較了不同土壤pH條件下不同雙季晚稻品種的農(nóng)藝性狀、產(chǎn)量、氮素積累量和利用效率,研究了酸化土壤條件下的雙季晚稻光合特性、根系形態(tài)和根系生理特性及上壤生物學(xué)特性,探討了其與晚稻氮素利用效率的相關(guān)性,旨在研究酸化土壤對不同晚稻品種氮素利用效率的影響機(jī)制。主要結(jié)果如下：(1)酸化稻田上,3種酸性敏感類型的晚稻品種生育期均延長5-7d,分蘗數(shù)、株高、葉面積指數(shù)、光合速率與干物質(zhì)積累量均下降。酸性敏感型和酸性遲鈍型品種千粒重、有效穗數(shù)、產(chǎn)量隨土壤pH值降低而降低,酸性敏感型品種產(chǎn)量降低了2.02%-24.55%,酸性遲鈍型品種產(chǎn)量降低了9.18%-10.56%。酸性特異型晚稻品種產(chǎn)量隨pH值降低而提高。(2)水稻植株地上部分各部位的氮積累量受到土壤pH值的影響,酸化稻田上3種酸性敏感類型的晚稻品種植株各部位的氮積累量與總氮積累量一般均呈增大趨勢,但稻谷氮素生產(chǎn)效率、氮收獲指數(shù)和氮生理效率等指標(biāo)均隨之下降,且一般均表現(xiàn)出極顯著性差異。(3)盆栽模擬酸化試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：與pH6.5處理相比,pH3.5處理水稻根系體積、根干重和根含氮量均明顯減少,根系總吸收面積和活躍吸收面積降低,根系活躍吸收面降低50%-66.7%,根系3大保護(hù)酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性升高,根系硝酸還原酶活性降低。(4)稻田酸化試驗(yàn)和盆栽模擬酸化試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：當(dāng)土壤pH值從6.5下降到5.2時(shí),土壤過氧化氫酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均降低,土壤微生物類群也隨之發(fā)生變化,細(xì)菌、放線菌、真菌與原生動(dòng)物均減少。(5)相關(guān)性分析表明,葉片的凈光合速率、氣孔導(dǎo)度和蒸騰速率與氮素利用效率呈正相關(guān),葉片胞間CO2濃度、葉綠素相對含量與氮素利用效率呈負(fù)相關(guān)。根系總吸收面積、活躍吸收面積、活躍吸收面積百分率與氮素利用效率呈負(fù)相關(guān),根系可溶性蛋白、根系SOD、POD、CAT活性與氮素利用效率呈負(fù)相關(guān),根系活力與氮素利用效率呈正相關(guān),根系硝酸還原酶活性與氮素利用效率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),根系形態(tài)特征如根體積、根干重、根冠比及根系含氮量與氮素利用效率呈正相關(guān)。土壤中過氧化氫酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,土壤中細(xì)菌、放線菌、真菌、原生動(dòng)物數(shù)量與氮素稻谷利用效率、氮收獲指數(shù)和氮生理效率等氮利用效率指標(biāo)均呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān)�？梢�,酸化土壤影響晚稻的氮素利用效率主要是通過影響土壤過氧化氫酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,細(xì)菌、放線菌、真菌和原生動(dòng)物數(shù)量,其次是根系硝酸還原酶活性、根冠比和根系含氮量來影響晚稻氮利用效率的。
[Abstract]:The acidified soil directly affects the root and soil enzymes and microbial groups of rice, thus affecting the growth and development of the above-ground part of rice and the yield of the above-ground part of rice. Based on the results of the previous two years, the agronomic characters of two-crop late rice varieties with different acid sensitivity were compared under different soil pH conditions through comparative experiments in acidified rice fields and simulated acidification experiments in potted plants. Yield, nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency of late rice were studied in this paper. The photosynthetic characteristics, root morphology and physiological characteristics of roots and biological characteristics of upper soil were studied under acidified soil conditions, and the correlation between nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of late rice was discussed. The effects of acidified soil on nitrogen use efficiency of different late rice varieties were studied. The main results were as follows: (1) in acidified paddy fields, the growth period of three acid sensitive late rice varieties were prolonged by 5 ~ 7 days, the number of tillers, plant height, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation decreased. The 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number and yield of acid-sensitive and acid-sensitive varieties decreased with the decrease of soil pH value, and the yield of acid-sensitive varieties decreased by 2.02% and 24.55%, respectively. The yield of acid-retarded variety decreased by 9.18% / 10. 56%. The yield of acid-specific late rice varieties increased with the decrease of pH value. (2) the nitrogen accumulation of above-ground parts of rice plants was affected by soil pH value. The nitrogen accumulation and total nitrogen accumulation of three acid sensitive late rice varieties in acidified paddy field generally showed an increasing trend, but the nitrogen production efficiency, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen physiological efficiency of paddy decreased accordingly, while the nitrogen accumulation and total nitrogen accumulation of three acid sensitive late rice varieties tended to increase in general, but the nitrogen production efficiency, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen physiological efficiency decreased accordingly. (3) compared with pH6.5 treatment, the root volume, root dry weight and root nitrogen content of pH3.5 treatment decreased significantly, and the results of pot experiment showed that: (1) compared with pH3.5 treatment, the root volume, root dry weight and nitrogen content of rice decreased significantly. The total absorption area and active absorption area of root decreased, the active absorption surface of root decreased by 50% / 66.7%, and the activities of three protective enzymes (SOD,POD and CAT) increased. The root nitrate reductase activity decreased. (4) when soil pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.2, the activities of soil catalase, sucrase and urease all decreased. (4) Paddy field acidification experiment and pot simulation experiment showed that soil catalase, sucrase and urease activity decreased when soil pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.2. Soil microbial groups also changed, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and protozoa decreased. (5) correlation analysis showed that net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of leaves were positively correlated with nitrogen use efficiency. There was a negative correlation between the intercellular CO2 concentration and chlorophyll relative content and nitrogen use efficiency. There was a negative correlation between root total absorption area, active absorption area percentage and nitrogen use efficiency, and a negative correlation between root soluble protein, root SOD,POD,CAT activity and nitrogen use efficiency. There was a positive correlation between root activity and nitrogen use efficiency, and a significant negative correlation between root nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen use efficiency. Root morphological characteristics such as root volume, root dry weight, root / shoot ratio and root nitrogen content were positively correlated with nitrogen use efficiency. The activities of catalase, sucrase and urease in soil, the number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and protozoa in soil and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen rice. There were significant or extremely significant positive correlations between nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen utilization efficiency such as nitrogen physiological efficiency. The nitrogen use efficiency of late rice in acidified soil was mainly influenced by the activities of soil catalase, sucrase and urease, the number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and protozoa, followed by root nitrate reductase activity. The ratio of root to shoot and nitrogen content in root affected the nitrogen use efficiency of late rice (Oryza sativa L.).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S511.33;S153

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