【摘要】：針對(duì)典型黑土區(qū)坡耕地土壤侵蝕嚴(yán)重這一現(xiàn)象,本研究依托克山縣長(zhǎng)期定位觀測(cè)站,采用徑流小區(qū)法,重點(diǎn)研究不同坡度(3、5、8度)和同一坡度(3度)下各種水土保持措施對(duì)土壤侵蝕和土壤肥力的影響,旨在探明典型黑土區(qū)坡耕地最佳水土保持措施,為我國(guó)坡耕地土壤侵蝕研究提供理論基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)支撐。本研究結(jié)果如下:根據(jù)克山縣32年歷史氣象數(shù)據(jù)資料劃分的降雨年型區(qū)間,2014年為中等年型,選取降雨比較集中的6-10月為研究區(qū)間,結(jié)果表明:全年有效降雨(產(chǎn)生地表徑流的降雨)次數(shù)為21次,有效降雨與3度順坡壟作和5度順坡壟作產(chǎn)生徑流量的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.653和0.692,而與3度橫坡壟作和5度地埂植物帶產(chǎn)生的徑流量相關(guān)性較弱,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.101和0.125。對(duì)比同坡度順坡壟作,3度橫坡壟作和5度地梗植物帶年徑流量分別減少94.3%和93.3%,侵蝕模數(shù)分別降低99.9%和99.8%。土壤侵蝕隨坡度的增加而加劇,8度和5度順坡壟作較3度順坡壟作累計(jì)徑流量分別增加5.8%、8.1%,累計(jì)侵蝕量分別是其1.9倍和1.8倍、年徑流量分別增加7.1%和2.6%、侵蝕模數(shù)分別增加48.5%和44.7%。不同坡度水土保持措施顯著提升土壤肥力及作物產(chǎn)量。結(jié)果表明,3度橫坡壟作、5度地埂植物帶與同坡度順坡壟作相比,土壤含水量、最大持水量顯著增加,土壤容重顯著降低。WSA0.25mm水穩(wěn)性土壤團(tuán)聚體百分含量分別增加9.8%和14.89%,不同坡度(3、5、8度)處理間,隨著坡度增加,持水性減弱、容重增大。3度橫坡壟作和5度地埂植物帶與同坡度順坡壟作相比土壤堿解氮含量分別增加26.7%和45.9%,速效磷含量分別增加4.8%和31.9%,速效鉀含量分別增加32.3%和8.2%,有機(jī)碳含量分別增加18.2%和38.8%。土壤速效磷、全氮、有機(jī)碳與坡度呈負(fù)相關(guān)。與順坡壟作相比,3度橫坡壟作和5度地埂植物帶大豆產(chǎn)量分別由2390.7kg/hm2增加到2426.1kg/hm2和2571.8 kg/hm2增加到2726.3kg/hm2。同一坡度(3度坡)各水土保持措施顯著提升土壤肥力及作物產(chǎn)量。結(jié)果表明:各水土保持措施與順坡壟作相比土壤容重均減小,幅度為0.78%~9.38%,土壤持水性均增強(qiáng),壟向區(qū)田土壤持水量由33.6%增加到44.3%,增幅最大,且各水土保持措施均增加土壤養(yǎng)分,橫坡壟作處理土壤堿解氮含量由108.6mg/kg增加到144.4mg/kg、土壤速效磷含量由14.7 mg/kg增加到33.6 mg/kg,增幅最大,橫坡生物籬速效鉀含量由205.1 mg/kg增加到211.1 mg/kg,增幅最大。與順坡壟作相比,四種措施均有不同程度增產(chǎn),增產(chǎn)幅度為0.1%~14.1%,橫坡壟作處理玉米產(chǎn)量由9478.7kg/hm2增加到10818.4kg/hm2,增產(chǎn)達(dá)到14.1%。各水土保持措施中,3度坡選取橫坡壟作措施能有效減弱土壤侵蝕程度、提升土壤肥力、增加作物產(chǎn)量,在此基礎(chǔ)上種植玉米較種植大豆產(chǎn)量增幅更顯著。5度坡選用地梗植物帶措施在降低土壤侵蝕作用、提升土壤肥力、增加作物產(chǎn)量方面效果更明顯。
[Abstract]:In view of the serious soil erosion of sloping farmland in typical black soil area, this study focused on the study of different slope degrees (3 ~ 5) by using runoff plot method in long-term positioning observation station in Keshan County. The effects of various soil and water conservation measures on soil erosion and soil fertility under the same slope (8 degrees) and the same slope (3 degrees) in order to find out the best soil and water conservation measures for sloping farmland in typical black soil areas, It provides theoretical basis and technical support for the study of soil erosion on sloping farmland in China. The results of this study are as follows: according to the historical meteorological data of 32 years in Keshan County, the annual rainfall pattern interval is divided, and the middle type is in 2014, and the period of June to October, where the rainfall is relatively concentrated, is selected as the study interval. The results showed that the number of effective rainfall (rainfall from surface runoff) was 21, the correlation coefficient between effective rainfall and runoff produced by 3 degree ridge cropping and 5 degree ridge cropping were 0.653 and 0.692, respectively. However, the correlation between the runoff and the runoff produced by the ridge cropping of 3 degrees and the ridge of 5 degrees was weak, the correlation coefficient was 0.101 and 0.125, respectively. Compared with the ridge cropping with the same slope, the annual runoff decreased by 94.3% and 93.3%, and the erosion modulus by 99.9% and 99.8%, respectively. Soil erosion increased with the increase of slope, the cumulative runoff of 8 and 5 degree ridge was 5.88.1and the cumulative erosion was 1.9 times and 1.8 times than that of third degree ridge respectively. The annual runoff increased by 7.1% and 2.6%, and the erosion modulus increased by 48.5% and 44.7% respectively. Soil and water conservation measures with different slopes significantly improved soil fertility and crop yield. The results showed that the soil water content and maximum water holding capacity increased significantly in 3 degree cross slope ridge cropping and 5 degree ridge planting compared with the same slope along slope ridge cropping. The percentage content of WSA0.25mm water stable soil aggregate increased by 9.8% and 14.89%, respectively, and the water holding capacity decreased with the increase of slope. The soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content increased by 26.7% and 45.9%, and the available phosphorus content increased by 4.8% and 31.9%, respectively. The content of available potassium and organic carbon increased by 32.3% and 8.2%, respectively, and the content of organic carbon increased by 18.2% and 38.8%, respectively. Soil available phosphorus, total nitrogen and organic carbon were negatively correlated with slope. Compared with the ridge cropping, the soybean yield increased from 2390.7kg/hm2 to 2426.1kg/hm2 and 2571.8 kg/hm2 to 2726.3 kg / hm ~ (2) in the third horizontal ridge and 5 degree ridge cultivation, respectively. The soybean yield increased from 2390.7kg/hm2 to 2426.1kg/hm2 and 2571.8 kg/hm2 to 2726.3 kg 路hm ~ (2) 路hm ~ (2). Soil and water conservation measures of the same slope (3 degrees slope) significantly improved soil fertility and crop yield. The results showed that the soil bulk density of all soil and water conservation measures decreased, the range was 0.78 and 9.38, the soil water holding capacity increased, and the soil water holding capacity increased from 33.6% to 44.3%. The soil nutrient was increased by soil and water conservation measures. The content of soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen increased from 108.6mg/kg to 144.4 mg / kg, and the content of available phosphorus increased from 14.7 mg/kg to 33.6 mg/kg,. The content of available potassium increased from 205.1 mg/kg to 211.1 mg/kg,. Compared with down-slope ridge cropping, the four measures increased the yield of maize by 0.1 ~ 14.1kg. the yield of maize increased from 9478.7kg/hm2 to 10818.4 kg / hm ~ 2, and increased to 14.1kg 路hm ~ (2). Among the soil and water conservation measures, 3 degree slope selection of horizontal slope ridge cultivation measures can effectively reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. On this basis, the increase of maize yield was more significant than that of soybean yield, and the effect of using plant belt on 5 degree slope to reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility and increase crop yield was more obvious.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S157

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