【摘要】：【目的】我國磷肥利用率普遍偏低,研究磷素資源高效利用具有重要意義。本文通過對磷酸二氫銨(MAP)、液體磷酸(PA)及多聚磷酸(PPA)三種不同磷源類型及追施和基施的兩種不同施肥模式對磷在石灰性土壤上的遷移、轉化機理進行研究,并通過其對小麥/玉米的磷素營養(yǎng)水平及磷肥利用率的影響,旨在為磷素資源在新疆干旱區(qū)滴灌農田高效利用提供理論支撐和技術參考。【方法】1.在模擬滴灌條件下采用土柱試驗,研究三種磷源及兩種施用方式對土壤磷的遷移及有效性的影響。2.采取室內模擬轉化及網室盆栽兩項試驗,并應用Guppy無機磷連續(xù)浸提分級方法,研究不同磷源及不同施肥方式對磷素在土壤中的轉化動態(tài)及土壤無機磷庫分布特征的影響。3.在模擬滴灌方式下采用網室盆栽試驗,種植小麥/玉米兩茬作物研究兩種施肥方式下磷的生物學效應、磷肥利用率及地上作物對土壤有效磷的響應�！窘Y果】1.在土柱試驗中得出,多聚磷酸肥料相對于正磷酸鹽肥料顯著提高了磷在土壤剖面垂直方向上移動性�；l件下,PPA、MAP和PA肥料在土壤中的平均垂直移動距離為81.5 mm、61.0mm及45.0 mm。PPA肥料較MAP和PA肥料在土壤中的平均垂直移動距離分別提高了33.6%、81.1%。三種肥料在壤土中做追施處理比基施處理使磷在土壤中的平均垂直移動距離提高了21.2%。2.PPA肥料相對于MAP、PA肥料,能顯著提高土壤中有效態(tài)磷,降低向無效態(tài)磷的轉化,減少磷在土壤中的固定。施入多聚磷酸肥料后,其有效態(tài)磷含量(Resin-P和Na HCO3-P之和)分別比MAP和PA肥料平均提高了50.0%和146%,難溶性磷形態(tài)(HCl-P與Residue-P之和)分別比MAP和PA平均降低了37.9%和26.1%。磷肥追施處理較基施處理分別平均提高了Resin-P和Na HCO3-P含量127%和60.4%,追施較基施處理降低磷在土壤中向難溶態(tài)磷的轉化過程,使土壤有效性提高。3.土壤高溫滅菌后改變土壤某些物理化學性質,提高活性磷分級Resin-P和Na HCO3-P含量,降低難溶態(tài)磷分級的比例,從而減少磷的固定。4.在滴灌條件下,磷肥追施較磷肥基施可改善小麥/玉米的磷素營養(yǎng),磷肥追施處理比基施處理在正常土壤上分別提高玉米莖、葉生物量11.9%和17.3%,提高玉米莖、葉吸磷量26.8%、37.1%。追施處理下小麥、玉米的磷肥利用率分別在兩種土壤上比基施處理平均提高了100%、48.8%。說明水肥一體化隨水分次滴施磷肥能顯著提高磷素養(yǎng)分的高效利用程度。【結論】1.施入多聚磷酸肥料可提高磷在土壤中的移動性,提高土壤活性磷的含量,而降低其向無效態(tài)磷的轉化,從而減少固定,改善土壤有效磷素供應水平。2.磷肥分次追施相對于基施模式可顯著提高磷在土壤中的垂直遷移深度,提高土壤中活性磷的比例,降低無效態(tài)磷的含量。3.通過水肥一體化隨水分次滴施磷肥可明顯促進作物對磷素的吸收,提高作物生物量及磷肥利用率。
[Abstract]:[objective] the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer is generally low in China, so it is of great significance to study the efficient utilization of phosphorus resources. In this paper, the transport and transformation mechanism of phosphorus in calcareous soil were studied by using three different phosphorus source types, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (MAP),) liquid phosphate (PA) and polyphosphate (PPA), and two different fertilization modes of topdressing and basal application. Through its effect on phosphorus nutrition level and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat / maize, the purpose of this study was to provide theoretical support and technical reference for the efficient utilization of phosphorus resources in drip irrigation farmland in Xinjiang arid region. [methods] 1. The effects of three phosphorus sources and two application methods on the transport and availability of soil phosphorus were studied by soil column test under simulated drip irrigation. 2. The effects of different phosphorus sources and fertilization methods on the transformation dynamics of phosphorus in soil and the distribution characteristics of inorganic phosphorus pool in soil were studied by means of simulated transformation in laboratory and pot culture in the net room, and the method of continuous extraction and classification of inorganic phosphorus with Guppy was used to study the effects of different phosphorus sources and different fertilization methods on the transformation dynamics of phosphorus in soil and the distribution of inorganic phosphorus pool in soil. A pot experiment was conducted to study the biological effects of phosphorus, phosphorus utilization efficiency and the response of aboveground crops to soil available phosphorus under simulated drip irrigation. [results] 1. In the soil column experiment, it was found that polyphosphate fertilizer significantly improved the vertical movement of phosphorus in soil profile compared with orthophosphate fertilizer. The average vertical moving distance of PPA,MAP and PA fertilizer in soil was 81.5 mm,61.0mm and 45.0 mm.PPA, respectively, which was 33.6% higher than that of MAP and PA fertilizer. 81.1. The average vertical movement distance of phosphorus in loam was increased by applying three kinds of fertilizers in loam, and the available phosphorus in soil was significantly increased by 21.2%.2.PPA fertilizer compared with MAP,PA fertilizer. The conversion to ineffective phosphorus was reduced, and the fixation of phosphorus in soil was reduced. The available phosphorus content (Resin-P and Na HCO3-P sum) increased by 50.0% and 1466%, respectively, compared with that of MAP and PA fertilizers. The insoluble phosphorus species (sum of HCl-P and Residue-P) decreased by 37.9% and 26.1%, respectively, compared with MAP and PA. The content of Resin-P and Na HCO3-P in topdressing treatment increased by 127% and 60.4%, respectively. Topdressing decreased the conversion process of phosphorus to insoluble phosphorus in soil and improved soil availability. After high temperature sterilization, some physical and chemical properties of soil were changed, the contents of Resin-P and Na HCO3-P were increased, the proportion of insoluble phosphorus was reduced, and the fixation of phosphorus was reduced. Under the condition of drip irrigation, the phosphorus fertilizer topdressing could improve the phosphorus nutrition of wheat / maize compared with that of the base fertilizer, and the topdressing treatment could increase the maize stem, leaf biomass and maize stem in normal soil by 11.9% and 17.3%, respectively, and increase the maize stem. The amount of phosphorus absorbed by leaves is 26.8cm. The P fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat and corn under topdressing treatment was 100% higher than that of basal treatment in two soils respectively. The results showed that the combination of water and fertilizer could significantly increase the efficiency of phosphorus use with the drip of water. [conclusion] 1. The application of polyphosphate fertilizer can improve the mobility of phosphorus in soil, increase the content of active phosphorus in soil, and reduce the conversion to ineffective phosphorus, thus reducing fixation and improving the level of available phosphorus supply in soil. 2. Compared with the basal application model, P fertilizer application increased the vertical migration depth of phosphorus, increased the proportion of active phosphorus in soil, and reduced the content of ineffective phosphorus. The application of phosphorus fertilizer with water and fertilizer integration can obviously promote the absorption of phosphorus by crops and increase crop biomass and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency.
【學位授予單位】：石河子大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S143.2

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