長期施肥對黑土肥力及細(xì)菌和古菌群落的影響
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-18 20:34
【摘要】：東北黑土帶是世界著名的三大塊黑土帶之一,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高、養(yǎng)分含量豐富、自然肥力高,是我國重要的商品糧基地,對我國的糧食供應(yīng)和安全起著舉足輕重的作用。在我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,施肥是提高農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)力和作物產(chǎn)量的一項重要生產(chǎn)方式,長期施肥導(dǎo)致土壤侵蝕嚴(yán)重、黑土層變薄、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量下降,黑土質(zhì)量日益退化。目前關(guān)于長期施肥對黑土質(zhì)量的影響已有較多的研究,但采用技術(shù)手段相對落后,且往往忽略了土壤微生物區(qū)系與土壤理化性質(zhì)的耦合關(guān)系。本研究依托黑龍江已達(dá)34年的長期定位試驗,通過研究東北黑土長期不同施肥條件下土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征和組成差異,并與土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析,探討引起影響土壤微生物區(qū)系變化的主效環(huán)境因子。試驗選取不施肥(CK)、施氮磷肥(NP)、施氮鉀肥(NK)、施磷鉀肥(PK)、施氮磷鉀肥(NPK)共5個施肥模式的耕層土樣為研究對象,借助傳統(tǒng)化學(xué)分析方法和Illumina Miseq高通量測序技術(shù),解析土壤理化性狀和細(xì)菌與古菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征,對微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)與環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果表明:(1)在土壤理化性質(zhì)方面,與不施肥處理相比,長期施氮肥,土壤全氮、硝態(tài)氮、堿解氮、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量顯著升高,而pH顯著降低;長期施磷肥的NP、PK、NPK處理土壤有效磷含量與不施肥處理相比分別提高了6.6、6.6、8.5倍;長期施鉀肥的NK、PK、NPK處理土壤速效鉀含量與不施肥處理相比分別提高了30.9%、29.8%、50.6%,表明長期施肥能顯著提高相應(yīng)元素的速效養(yǎng)分含量。(2)在土壤酶活性方面,與不施肥處理相比,土壤過氧化氫酶活性均顯著降低;NK處理土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分別提高了30.5%和27.4%,而NP、PK、NPK處理土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性無明顯變化,表明長期施肥降低了土壤抵御過氧化氫毒害的能力,而不同施肥方式對土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性的影響不同。(3)在作物產(chǎn)量方面,NP、NK、PK、NPK四個施肥處理作物產(chǎn)量與不施肥處理相比均顯著提高,分別提高了116.5%、59.3%、48.7%、154.1%,并且相互之間存在顯著性差異,其中NPK處理作物產(chǎn)量最高,并顯著高于其他四個處理。表明施肥提高了土壤提供植物養(yǎng)料和生產(chǎn)生物物質(zhì)的能力。(4)在土壤微生物數(shù)量方面,NP、NK、PK、NPK四個施肥處理土壤細(xì)菌和古菌數(shù)量與不施肥處理相比均顯著提高,分別提高了32.2%、64.5%、165.2%、88.3%,并且相互之間存在顯著性差異,其中,PK處理微生物數(shù)量最高,并顯著高于其他施肥處理。表明施肥提高了土壤細(xì)菌和古菌數(shù)量,豐富了微生物區(qū)系。(5)在微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)方面,變形菌門是5個不同施肥處理土壤中的優(yōu)勢細(xì)菌,而泉古菌門為優(yōu)勢古菌。α多樣性分析表明,氮磷鉀均衡施肥的NPK處理,土壤細(xì)菌的豐富度、多樣性及古菌的多樣性最高。RDA分析和Pearson相關(guān)性分析表明,土壤理化性質(zhì)和土壤細(xì)菌和古菌群落之間存在密切的相關(guān)關(guān)系,所有的環(huán)境因子解釋了土壤微生物100%的變化,而土壤pH是影響土壤細(xì)菌和古菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的主效環(huán)境因子,貢獻(xiàn)了土壤細(xì)菌和古菌66.5%(P=0.034)。綜上所述,長期施肥顯著改變了土壤理化性質(zhì)、酶活性、作物產(chǎn)量、土壤細(xì)菌和古菌的數(shù)量和群落結(jié)構(gòu),長期氮磷鉀均衡施肥可以提高土壤速效和長效養(yǎng)分含量、土壤作物產(chǎn)量以及土壤細(xì)菌的豐富度、多樣性及古菌的多樣性,是5種施肥處理中最合理的一種。施氮肥引起的土壤酸堿度的降低是影響土壤細(xì)菌和古菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的主效環(huán)境因子。研究結(jié)果對指導(dǎo)東北黑土區(qū)合理施肥具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義和理論價值。
[Abstract]:Northeast Black Soil Belt is one of the three famous black soil belts in the world. It is an important commodity grain base in China with high content of soil organic matter, nutrients and natural fertility. It plays an important role in grain supply and security in China. Fertilization is an important factor to improve farmland productivity and crop yield in China's agricultural production. Long-term fertilization has resulted in serious soil erosion, thinning of black soil layer, decreasing of organic matter content and deterioration of black soil quality. At present, there are many studies on the effect of long-term fertilization on black soil quality, but the technical means are relatively backward, and the coupling relationship between soil microbial flora and soil physical and chemical properties is often neglected. Based on a 34-year long-term experiment in Heilongjiang Province, the structure and composition of soil microbial community under different long-term fertilization conditions in the black soil of Northeast China were studied and correlated with soil chemical properties. (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (PK) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK) were used to analyze the soil physical and chemical properties and the structural characteristics of bacterial and archaeal bacterial communities. The correlation between microbial community structure and environmental factors was analyzed by traditional chemical analysis and Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that: (1) in terms of soil physical and chemical properties, long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer, soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, organic matter content increased significantly, but pH decreased significantly; long-term application of NP, PK, NPK soil available phosphorus content increased by 6.6, 6.6, 8.5 times compared with non-fertilization treatment; long-term application of potassium fertilizer, NK, PK, NP The content of soil available K increased by 30.9%, 29.8% and 50.6% respectively under K treatment compared with non-fertilization treatment, indicating that long-term fertilization could significantly increase the content of available nutrients of corresponding elements. (2) In soil enzyme activity, soil catalase activity decreased significantly compared with non-fertilization treatment, urease and sucrase activity increased respectively under NK treatment. 30.5% and 27.4% respectively, while the activities of urease and sucrase in NP, PK and NPK treatments did not change significantly, indicating that long-term fertilization reduced the ability of soil to resist hydrogen peroxide toxicity, and the effects of different fertilization methods on urease and sucrase activities were different. (3) In crop yield, NP, NK, PK and NPK treatments had no significant effect on crop yield. Compared with the other four treatments, the yield of NPK treatment was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of the other four treatments. (4) In terms of soil microbial quantity, NP, NK, PK and NPK were increased. The number of soil bacteria and archaea in the four fertilization treatments increased by 32.2%, 64.5%, 165.2% and 88.3% respectively, and there were significant differences among them. Among them, the number of microorganisms in the PK treatment was the highest and was significantly higher than that in other fertilization treatments. Bioflora. (5) Proteus was the dominant bacteria in five different fertilization treatments, while Archaea was the dominant archaea. Alpha diversity analysis showed that NPK balanced fertilization had the highest richness, diversity and archaea diversity. RDA and Pearson correlation analysis tables The results showed that there was a close correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and soil bacterial and archaeal communities. All environmental factors explained 100% of soil microbial changes. Soil pH was the main environmental factor affecting soil bacterial and archaeal community structure, contributing 66.5% (P = 0.034) to soil bacterial and archaeal communities. Changing soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, crop yield, soil bacteria and archaea quantity and community structure, long-term balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can increase soil available and long-term nutrient content, soil crop yield, soil bacterial richness, diversity and archaea diversity, which is the most reasonable one of the five fertilization treatments. The decrease of soil acidity and alkalinity is the main environmental factor affecting the community structure of soil bacteria and archaea.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S158;S154.36
本文編號：2249035
[Abstract]:Northeast Black Soil Belt is one of the three famous black soil belts in the world. It is an important commodity grain base in China with high content of soil organic matter, nutrients and natural fertility. It plays an important role in grain supply and security in China. Fertilization is an important factor to improve farmland productivity and crop yield in China's agricultural production. Long-term fertilization has resulted in serious soil erosion, thinning of black soil layer, decreasing of organic matter content and deterioration of black soil quality. At present, there are many studies on the effect of long-term fertilization on black soil quality, but the technical means are relatively backward, and the coupling relationship between soil microbial flora and soil physical and chemical properties is often neglected. Based on a 34-year long-term experiment in Heilongjiang Province, the structure and composition of soil microbial community under different long-term fertilization conditions in the black soil of Northeast China were studied and correlated with soil chemical properties. (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (PK) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK) were used to analyze the soil physical and chemical properties and the structural characteristics of bacterial and archaeal bacterial communities. The correlation between microbial community structure and environmental factors was analyzed by traditional chemical analysis and Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that: (1) in terms of soil physical and chemical properties, long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer, soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, organic matter content increased significantly, but pH decreased significantly; long-term application of NP, PK, NPK soil available phosphorus content increased by 6.6, 6.6, 8.5 times compared with non-fertilization treatment; long-term application of potassium fertilizer, NK, PK, NP The content of soil available K increased by 30.9%, 29.8% and 50.6% respectively under K treatment compared with non-fertilization treatment, indicating that long-term fertilization could significantly increase the content of available nutrients of corresponding elements. (2) In soil enzyme activity, soil catalase activity decreased significantly compared with non-fertilization treatment, urease and sucrase activity increased respectively under NK treatment. 30.5% and 27.4% respectively, while the activities of urease and sucrase in NP, PK and NPK treatments did not change significantly, indicating that long-term fertilization reduced the ability of soil to resist hydrogen peroxide toxicity, and the effects of different fertilization methods on urease and sucrase activities were different. (3) In crop yield, NP, NK, PK and NPK treatments had no significant effect on crop yield. Compared with the other four treatments, the yield of NPK treatment was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of the other four treatments. (4) In terms of soil microbial quantity, NP, NK, PK and NPK were increased. The number of soil bacteria and archaea in the four fertilization treatments increased by 32.2%, 64.5%, 165.2% and 88.3% respectively, and there were significant differences among them. Among them, the number of microorganisms in the PK treatment was the highest and was significantly higher than that in other fertilization treatments. Bioflora. (5) Proteus was the dominant bacteria in five different fertilization treatments, while Archaea was the dominant archaea. Alpha diversity analysis showed that NPK balanced fertilization had the highest richness, diversity and archaea diversity. RDA and Pearson correlation analysis tables The results showed that there was a close correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and soil bacterial and archaeal communities. All environmental factors explained 100% of soil microbial changes. Soil pH was the main environmental factor affecting soil bacterial and archaeal community structure, contributing 66.5% (P = 0.034) to soil bacterial and archaeal communities. Changing soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, crop yield, soil bacteria and archaea quantity and community structure, long-term balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can increase soil available and long-term nutrient content, soil crop yield, soil bacterial richness, diversity and archaea diversity, which is the most reasonable one of the five fertilization treatments. The decrease of soil acidity and alkalinity is the main environmental factor affecting the community structure of soil bacteria and archaea.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S158;S154.36
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，本文編號：2249035
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