連續(xù)水稻秸稈還田年限對麥季土壤養(yǎng)分含量及溫室氣體排放的影響
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-18 10:13
【摘要】：當(dāng)今世界上普遍重視秸稈還田作為一項重要的農(nóng)藝措施的應(yīng)用,前人研究明確秸稈還田具有培肥地力、提升土壤質(zhì)量、降低化學(xué)肥料施用水平的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng),但秸稈還田對當(dāng)季作物生產(chǎn)存在一定的負效應(yīng),影響秸稈還田技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用。本試驗于2014-2016年在揚州大學(xué)江蘇省作物遺傳生理重點試驗室試驗場進行。以揚輻麥4號為試驗材料,通過長期水稻秸稈全量還田定位試驗,研究水稻秸稈全量還田年限對土壤養(yǎng)分狀況、溫室氣體排放和小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響,探索不同水稻秸稈全量還田年限下?lián)P輻麥4號高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培技術(shù)途徑,以期為水稻秸稈全量還田下小麥高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、低碳的栽培提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。主要結(jié)果如下:1、水稻秸稈全量還田1～3年的產(chǎn)量低于不還田處理,減產(chǎn)的主要原因是降低了穗數(shù)。水稻秸稈全量還田4-7年處理的籽粒產(chǎn)量高于不還田處理,主要是由于水稻秸稈全量還田增加了千粒重和穗粒數(shù),彌補了穗數(shù)的降低。相同施氮量不同氮肥運籌以5:1:2:2氮肥運籌的籽粒產(chǎn)量高于3:1:3:3氮肥運籌和7:1:2:0氮肥運籌。秸稈全量還田對小麥籽粒品質(zhì)有一定的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng),水稻秸稈全量還田增加了小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量、籽粒硬度。秸稈還田后,小麥籽粒濕面筋含量、沉降值、出粉率均有所下降,隨著還田年限的增加,小麥籽粒濕面筋含量、沉降值、出粉率逐漸增加。2、水稻秸稈全量還田小麥整個生育期內(nèi)土壤硝態(tài)氮(N03--N)、銨態(tài)氮(NH4+—N)、速效磷、速效鉀含量呈動態(tài)變化,在追肥不同時期變幅較大。小麥播種后由于秸稈降解過程中微生物固定土壤中的氮素,導(dǎo)致各層次土壤硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮含量降低,影響小麥苗期生長發(fā)育。隨著小麥生育進程的推移,秸稈由降解期逐漸進入釋氮期,生育中后期特別是抽穗開花期之后水稻秸稈全量還田處理的各層次土壤硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮含量升高,為小麥植株生育中后期氮素的吸收積累提供了良好的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)。水稻秸稈全量還田提高了土壤耕層硝態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮、速效磷、速效鉀、有機質(zhì)含量,且隨著還田年限的增加,各層次土壤銨態(tài)氮、速效磷、速效鉀、有機質(zhì)含量逐漸增加,說明持續(xù)水稻秸稈全量還田有利于提高土壤肥力水平。3、水稻秸稈全量還田提高了土壤當(dāng)季麥田CH4和CO2的累積排放量,多年水稻秸稈全量還田麥田CO2排放雖有增加趨勢,但同時降低了 N2O的累積排放量。水稻秸稈全量還田提高了麥季凈GWP,且隨著還田年限的增加而升高。雖然水稻秸稈全量還田較未還田處理增加了溫室氣體的凈排放量,由于還田秸稈中的部分碳(C)源和N源在土壤中轉(zhuǎn)化為有機質(zhì)和硝銨態(tài)N,因而水稻秸稈全量還田對當(dāng)季麥田具有一定的綜合減排效果,且秸稈還田年限越長,減排效果越好。4、水稻秸稈全量還田會影響小麥幼苗的生長,造成麥苗弱小生長緩慢,莖蘗數(shù)降低,隨著還田年限的增加,土壤養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)能力逐漸上升,秸稈還田的不利影響也逐漸減小。隨著還田年限的增加,小麥群體莖蘗數(shù)、LAI、干物質(zhì)積累量均逐漸增加�；ê蟾晌镔|(zhì)的積累量占籽粒干重的比例在74.34%-83.77%左右,花后干物質(zhì)積累量與小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量間呈顯著的線性關(guān)系。5、水稻秸稈全量還田有利于提高劍葉SPAD和凈光合速率,且隨還田年限的增加,效應(yīng)升高。這可能是由于隨著還田年限的增加,秸稈腐解后釋放的氮素為小麥中后期生長提供了比較充足的氮素,延緩了植株的衰老。氮肥運籌5:1:2:2和3:1:3:3處理的劍葉SPAD值和凈光合速率高于7:1:2:0處理。水稻秸稈全量還田條件下,在小麥生育期間氮肥運籌既要適當(dāng)增加基苗肥用量以利壯苗早發(fā),又要合理使用拔節(jié)孕穗肥有利于延緩植株的衰老,提高小麥花后劍葉光合生產(chǎn)能力和籽粒灌漿能力。6、水稻秸稈全量還田提高了小麥植株氮素、磷素積累量,提高了小麥營養(yǎng)器官氮素、磷素轉(zhuǎn)移量、轉(zhuǎn)移效率和對籽粒貢獻率。水稻秸稈全量還田條件下采用5:1:2:2和3:1:3:3氮肥運籌施肥方式更有利于小麥生育期內(nèi)氮素、磷素的吸收積累。水稻秸稈全量還田年限的增加,有利于提高小麥營養(yǎng)器官氮素、磷素轉(zhuǎn)移量、轉(zhuǎn)移效率和對籽粒貢獻率。說明連續(xù)水稻秸稈全量還田有利于提高小麥花后氮素、磷素的吸收、積累和轉(zhuǎn)運,有利于提高小麥產(chǎn)量水平。
[Abstract]:Nowadays, the application of straw returning as an important agronomic measure is generally emphasized in the world. Previous studies have made it clear that straw returning has the effect of increasing fertility, improving soil quality and reducing the level of chemical fertilizer application. However, straw returning has a certain negative effect on crop production in the current season and affects the popularization and Application of straw returning technology. The experiment was conducted in the Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Physiology, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University from 2014 to 2016. Yangfumai 4 was used as the experimental material to study the effects of years of rice straw returning to the field on soil nutrient status, greenhouse gas emissions and wheat grain yield and quality. In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for wheat cultivation with high yield, high quality, high efficiency and low carbon, Yangfumai 4 was planted under different years of returning rice straw to field. The main results are as follows: 1. The yield of rice straw returned to field for 1-3 years was lower than that of non-returning treatment, and the yield of wheat was reduced. The grain yield of rice straw returned to the field for 4-7 years was higher than that of the non-returned field, mainly because the total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased 1000-grain weight and the number of grains per panicle, which made up for the decrease of panicle number. The total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased the protein content and hardness of wheat grain. After the straw returned to the field, the wet gluten content, sedimentation value and flour yield of wheat grain decreased. With the increase of returning years, the wet gluten content, sedimentation value and flour yield of wheat grain decreased. The content of soil nitrate nitrogen (N03 - N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 + - N), available phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period of wheat returned to field with rice straw increased gradually. The content of ammonium nitrogen decreased and affected the growth and development of wheat seedlings. With the development of wheat, straw gradually entered the stage of nitrogen release from degradation, and the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen increased in all layers of soil returned to the field at the middle and late growth stages, especially after heading and flowering stages. The total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter in the plough layer, and with the increase of returning years, the contents of ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter in all layers of soil increased gradually, indicating that the continuous total amount of rice straw returned to the field was beneficial to improving the soil quality. Fertility level. The total amount of straw returned to the field increased the net greenhouse gas emissions compared with the untreated straw. As part of the carbon (C) and nitrogen sources in the straw returned to the field were converted into organic matter and ammonium nitrate N in the soil, the total amount of rice straw returned to the field had a certain comprehensive emission reduction effect on the wheat field in the current season, and the longer the straw returned to the field, the better the emission reduction effect. 4 The total amount of straw returned to the field will affect the growth of wheat seedlings, resulting in the weak growth of wheat seedlings slowly, the number of tillers decreased, with the increase of years of returning to the field, the soil nutrient supply capacity gradually increased, the adverse effects of straw returned to the field gradually decreased. The ratio of dry matter accumulation to grain dry weight was 74.34%-83.77%. There was a significant linear relationship between dry matter accumulation after anthesis and grain yield of wheat. The SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves treated with 5:1:2:2 and 3:1:3:3 nitrogen fertilizer application were higher than those treated with 7:1:2:0. Under the condition of returning rice straw to field, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application during wheat growth period should be increased appropriately. In order to make the seedlings grow early and use booting fertilizer rationally, it is helpful to delay the senescence of the plant, improve the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaf and grain filling capacity after anthesis. 6. The total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of wheat plants, and increased the nitrogen and phosphorus transfer capacity of wheat vegetative organs, transfer efficiency and contribution to grain. The application of 5:1:2:2 and 3:1:3:3 nitrogen fertilizer was more beneficial to the uptake and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus during wheat growth period. The increase of the years of rice straw returning to the field was beneficial to the increase of nitrogen, phosphorus transfer, transfer efficiency and contribution rate of Wheat Nutrient organs. Total returning to field was beneficial to increase the absorption, accumulation and transportation of nitrogen and phosphorus after anthesis, and to increase the yield level of wheat.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S512.1;S141.4
[Abstract]:Nowadays, the application of straw returning as an important agronomic measure is generally emphasized in the world. Previous studies have made it clear that straw returning has the effect of increasing fertility, improving soil quality and reducing the level of chemical fertilizer application. However, straw returning has a certain negative effect on crop production in the current season and affects the popularization and Application of straw returning technology. The experiment was conducted in the Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Physiology, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University from 2014 to 2016. Yangfumai 4 was used as the experimental material to study the effects of years of rice straw returning to the field on soil nutrient status, greenhouse gas emissions and wheat grain yield and quality. In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for wheat cultivation with high yield, high quality, high efficiency and low carbon, Yangfumai 4 was planted under different years of returning rice straw to field. The main results are as follows: 1. The yield of rice straw returned to field for 1-3 years was lower than that of non-returning treatment, and the yield of wheat was reduced. The grain yield of rice straw returned to the field for 4-7 years was higher than that of the non-returned field, mainly because the total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased 1000-grain weight and the number of grains per panicle, which made up for the decrease of panicle number. The total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased the protein content and hardness of wheat grain. After the straw returned to the field, the wet gluten content, sedimentation value and flour yield of wheat grain decreased. With the increase of returning years, the wet gluten content, sedimentation value and flour yield of wheat grain decreased. The content of soil nitrate nitrogen (N03 - N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 + - N), available phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period of wheat returned to field with rice straw increased gradually. The content of ammonium nitrogen decreased and affected the growth and development of wheat seedlings. With the development of wheat, straw gradually entered the stage of nitrogen release from degradation, and the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen increased in all layers of soil returned to the field at the middle and late growth stages, especially after heading and flowering stages. The total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter in the plough layer, and with the increase of returning years, the contents of ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter in all layers of soil increased gradually, indicating that the continuous total amount of rice straw returned to the field was beneficial to improving the soil quality. Fertility level. The total amount of straw returned to the field increased the net greenhouse gas emissions compared with the untreated straw. As part of the carbon (C) and nitrogen sources in the straw returned to the field were converted into organic matter and ammonium nitrate N in the soil, the total amount of rice straw returned to the field had a certain comprehensive emission reduction effect on the wheat field in the current season, and the longer the straw returned to the field, the better the emission reduction effect. 4 The total amount of straw returned to the field will affect the growth of wheat seedlings, resulting in the weak growth of wheat seedlings slowly, the number of tillers decreased, with the increase of years of returning to the field, the soil nutrient supply capacity gradually increased, the adverse effects of straw returned to the field gradually decreased. The ratio of dry matter accumulation to grain dry weight was 74.34%-83.77%. There was a significant linear relationship between dry matter accumulation after anthesis and grain yield of wheat. The SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves treated with 5:1:2:2 and 3:1:3:3 nitrogen fertilizer application were higher than those treated with 7:1:2:0. Under the condition of returning rice straw to field, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application during wheat growth period should be increased appropriately. In order to make the seedlings grow early and use booting fertilizer rationally, it is helpful to delay the senescence of the plant, improve the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaf and grain filling capacity after anthesis. 6. The total amount of rice straw returned to the field increased the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of wheat plants, and increased the nitrogen and phosphorus transfer capacity of wheat vegetative organs, transfer efficiency and contribution to grain. The application of 5:1:2:2 and 3:1:3:3 nitrogen fertilizer was more beneficial to the uptake and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus during wheat growth period. The increase of the years of rice straw returning to the field was beneficial to the increase of nitrogen, phosphorus transfer, transfer efficiency and contribution rate of Wheat Nutrient organs. Total returning to field was beneficial to increase the absorption, accumulation and transportation of nitrogen and phosphorus after anthesis, and to increase the yield level of wheat.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S512.1;S141.4
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