三種劑型魚藤酮對土鯪魚和蚯蚓的毒性效應(yīng)以及環(huán)境安全性評價
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-18 09:54
【摘要】：農(nóng)藥對非靶標生物的安全性大小是評價農(nóng)藥對生態(tài)環(huán)境影響的重要指標。不同劑型的農(nóng)藥在生物過程中可能存在差異,使之表現(xiàn)出不同的行為和環(huán)境毒力。本文選取了環(huán)境中土壤、水體、魚、蚯蚓和浮萍等主要的影響因子,簡要對乳油(EC)、微乳劑(ME)和懸浮劑(SC)等三種劑型魚藤酮對土鯪魚和蚯蚓的毒性差異以及在其各組織器官中的動態(tài)分布等進行了研究,同時探索了三種劑型(EC、ME和SC)魚藤酮在其生物體內(nèi)的富集行為,最后也對三種劑型魚藤酮在浮萍、土壤、水體等環(huán)境載體中的富集行為做了研究。選用土鯪魚和蚯蚓測定了三種劑型魚藤酮對它的毒性。從毒性結(jié)果上來看,三種劑型間都顯示出了一定的差異,魚和蚯蚓的結(jié)果一致顯示EC和ME表現(xiàn)出更高的毒性。三種劑型對魚的LC_(50)均小于0.16 mg/L,但是對水中蚯蚓的LC_(50)卻高達2.31~3.48mg/L,這說明魚藤酮對不同生物種類毒性差異顯著;比較三種劑型魚藤酮對水中和土壤中蚯蚓的毒力可以看出,水環(huán)境中三種劑型魚藤酮都表現(xiàn)出比在土壤中更高的毒殺活性,由此可以得知,環(huán)境的差異性也能顯著影響魚藤酮的效果。利用高效液相色譜分別檢測了死亡過程和恢復(fù)過程中三種劑型魚藤在魚體內(nèi)及在各組織器官中的含量變化。在0.05 mg/L的不同劑型魚藤酮溶液處理后,24 h時,EC、ME和SC在全魚中的富集量為0.78 mg/kg、0.49 mg/kg和0.32 mg/kg,EC在魚體內(nèi)的富集倍數(shù)高達15倍;魚鰓、魚鱗、肌肉、眼睛、頭和中腸中三種劑型魚藤酮的富集含量也做了檢測,結(jié)果顯示在各個組織當中EC的富集量都高于微ME和SC。從魚藤酮在各個組織分布上來看,在肌肉組織儲蓄魚藤酮最多,三種劑型在肌肉中最高儲蓄量達到2.66μg,三種劑型魚藤酮在肌肉中的比例均超過70%。利用石蠟切片H.E.染色法觀察了三種劑型處理后對魚肌肉、眼睛、鰓和中腸道的影響,結(jié)果顯示三種劑型都對各個組織器官產(chǎn)生損傷。另外,試驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),當將翻白的中毒魚(還未死亡)立即放入大量清水中,隨著時間的延長,魚將慢慢恢復(fù)正常,利用這一特性,檢測了0.1 mg/L三種劑型魚藤酮處理后,在恢復(fù)過程中魚藤酮在土鯪魚各個組織器官中含量的變化。魚的恢復(fù)過程主要在15 min之內(nèi)完成,15 min后EC、ME和SC在魚體內(nèi)的恢復(fù)率分別為73.01%、88.95%和93.20%,各個檢測組織器官中魚藤酮的含量也快速下降。從水、土壤、浮萍以及魚飼料等四種環(huán)境因子出發(fā),探索了三種劑型在環(huán)境中的富集行為。結(jié)果顯示,24 h內(nèi)三種劑型在水、土壤、浮萍、魚飼料中都產(chǎn)生不同程度的富集,EC的富集含量高于ME和SC。另外,三種劑型魚藤酮在清水中的半衰期為23.70~25.32 h,但在放入浮萍和魚的模擬生態(tài)環(huán)境中,三種劑型魚藤酮的半衰期降到2.84~8.28 h,差異顯著。結(jié)果說明:水生生物如魚、蚯蚓等的存在能顯著加快魚藤酮的消解。利用蚯蚓探索了水、土壤兩種環(huán)境下三種劑型的毒力差異,結(jié)果顯示水中魚藤酮的毒性遠遠高于土壤中,相同時間內(nèi),魚藤酮在水中蚯蚓體內(nèi)的富集量也遠遠高于土壤中的。另外,同時利用土壤法測試了蚯蚓對三種劑型魚藤酮的降解能力差異,三種劑型在無蚯蚓土壤中的半衰期為1.85 d、2.79 d和2.01 d,在加入蚯蚓的土壤中半衰期分別為0.81 d、1.10 d及1.29 d。光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察并比較了不同劑型魚藤酮處理后蚯蚓表皮組織的形態(tài)變化,結(jié)果顯示三種劑型魚藤酮都會對蚯蚓外表皮造成傷害,ME和EC損傷更嚴重。本文的研究結(jié)果證明不同劑型魚藤酮對蚯蚓和土鯪魚的毒性有差異,魚藤酮對魚高毒的原因之一推測是魚藤酮可以通過鰓大量進入體內(nèi)并且魚藤酮可以穿透魚的肌肉組織,最后在魚體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生富集,同時,將中毒魚放入大量清水中,魚也可以通過鰓呼吸等將魚藤酮排入外部環(huán)境中以此完成對體內(nèi)魚藤酮的消除作用;另外一方面,不同劑型會影響魚藤酮在土壤中的降解,蚯蚓的存在可顯著加快魚藤酮的降解,但是魚藤酮也可以對蚯蚓產(chǎn)生危害,魚藤酮在水環(huán)境中對蚯蚓的危害高于土壤中。本試驗為魚藤酮EC、ME和SC三種劑型的合理使用提供了理論指導(dǎo)和科學(xué)建議。
[Abstract]:The safety of pesticides to non-target organisms is an important index to evaluate the impact of pesticides on the ecological environment. Different formulations of pesticides may show different behaviors and environmental toxicity in the biological process. The toxicity difference and dynamic distribution of rotenone in different tissues and organs were studied. The enrichment behavior of rotenone in organisms of three dosage forms (EC, ME and SC) was also explored. Finally, rotenone in duckweed, soil and water was also studied. The enrichment behavior in environmental carriers was studied. The toxicity of rotenone was determined by using mud carp and earthworm. The toxicity results showed that there were some differences among the three dosage forms. The results of fish and earthworm showed that EC and ME showed higher toxicity. The LC_ (50) of the three dosage forms to fish was less than 0.16 mg/L, but the toxicity of rotenone to fish was lower than 0.16 mg/L. The L C_ (50) of earthworms in water was as high as 2.31-3.48 mg/L, which indicated that rotenone had significant toxicity to different organisms. Comparing the toxicity of rotenone to earthworms in water and soil, we can see that rotenone in water environment showed higher toxicity than rotenone in soil, so we can know the environmental difference. The contents of three dosage forms of rotenone in the body and in the tissues and organs of the fish during the process of death and recovery were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. And 0.32 mg/kg, EC in fish body enrichment multiple as high as 15 times; gill, fish scales, muscle, eyes, head and midgut in three dosage forms of rotenone enrichment content were also detected, the results showed that in each tissue of the EC enrichment was higher than micro-ME and SC. The highest savings of the three dosage forms were 2.66 UG and rotenone was more than 70% in the muscle. The effects of the three dosage forms on the muscle, eyes, gills and midgut of fish were observed by H.E. staining with paraffin section. The results showed that all the three dosage forms were harmful to the tissues and organs. When the poisoned fish (not yet dead) was put into a large amount of water immediately, the fish would gradually return to normal with the extension of time. Using this characteristic, the changes of rotenone content in tissues and organs of mud carp during the recovery process after treatment with rotenone of 0.1 mg/L were detected. The recovery rates of EC, ME and SC in fish were 73.01%, 88.95% and 93.20% respectively after 15 minutes, and the contents of rotenone in tissues and organs were also rapidly decreased. The concentration of EC in duckweed and fish feed was higher than that in ME and SC. In addition, the half-lives of rotenone in clear water were 23.70-25.32 h, but in the simulated ecological environment of duckweed and fish, the half-lives of rotenone in three dosages decreased to 2.84-8.28 h, the difference was significant. The toxicity of rotenone in water and soil was studied. The results showed that rotenone toxicity in water was much higher than that in soil. At the same time, rotenone concentration in water was much higher than that in soil. The half-lives of rotenone in earthworm-free soil were 1.85 d, 2.79 D and 2.01 D. The half-lives of rotenone in earthworm-free soil were 0.81 d, 1.10 D and 1.29 d, respectively. The morphological changes of earthworm epidermis were observed and compared under optical microscope. The results showed that rotenone of three dosage forms could damage the outer epidermis of earthworms, ME and EC were more serious. The results of this study showed that rotenone of different dosage forms had different toxicity to earthworms and mud carp. One of the reasons for rotenone's high toxicity to fish was that rotenone could enter the body in large quantities through gill and rotenone could penetrate fish. At the same time, when poisoned fish are put into a large amount of clean water, fish can also discharge rotenone into the external environment through gill respiration to eliminate rotenone in vivo; on the other hand, different dosage forms will affect rotenone degradation in the soil, the presence of earthworms can significantly accelerate the fish. Degradation of rotenone, but rotenone can also cause harm to earthworms. Rotenone is more harmful to earthworms in aquatic environment than in soil. This experiment provides theoretical guidance and scientific suggestions for rational use of rotenone EC, ME and SC.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X171.5;X592
本文編號：2247537
[Abstract]:The safety of pesticides to non-target organisms is an important index to evaluate the impact of pesticides on the ecological environment. Different formulations of pesticides may show different behaviors and environmental toxicity in the biological process. The toxicity difference and dynamic distribution of rotenone in different tissues and organs were studied. The enrichment behavior of rotenone in organisms of three dosage forms (EC, ME and SC) was also explored. Finally, rotenone in duckweed, soil and water was also studied. The enrichment behavior in environmental carriers was studied. The toxicity of rotenone was determined by using mud carp and earthworm. The toxicity results showed that there were some differences among the three dosage forms. The results of fish and earthworm showed that EC and ME showed higher toxicity. The LC_ (50) of the three dosage forms to fish was less than 0.16 mg/L, but the toxicity of rotenone to fish was lower than 0.16 mg/L. The L C_ (50) of earthworms in water was as high as 2.31-3.48 mg/L, which indicated that rotenone had significant toxicity to different organisms. Comparing the toxicity of rotenone to earthworms in water and soil, we can see that rotenone in water environment showed higher toxicity than rotenone in soil, so we can know the environmental difference. The contents of three dosage forms of rotenone in the body and in the tissues and organs of the fish during the process of death and recovery were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. And 0.32 mg/kg, EC in fish body enrichment multiple as high as 15 times; gill, fish scales, muscle, eyes, head and midgut in three dosage forms of rotenone enrichment content were also detected, the results showed that in each tissue of the EC enrichment was higher than micro-ME and SC. The highest savings of the three dosage forms were 2.66 UG and rotenone was more than 70% in the muscle. The effects of the three dosage forms on the muscle, eyes, gills and midgut of fish were observed by H.E. staining with paraffin section. The results showed that all the three dosage forms were harmful to the tissues and organs. When the poisoned fish (not yet dead) was put into a large amount of water immediately, the fish would gradually return to normal with the extension of time. Using this characteristic, the changes of rotenone content in tissues and organs of mud carp during the recovery process after treatment with rotenone of 0.1 mg/L were detected. The recovery rates of EC, ME and SC in fish were 73.01%, 88.95% and 93.20% respectively after 15 minutes, and the contents of rotenone in tissues and organs were also rapidly decreased. The concentration of EC in duckweed and fish feed was higher than that in ME and SC. In addition, the half-lives of rotenone in clear water were 23.70-25.32 h, but in the simulated ecological environment of duckweed and fish, the half-lives of rotenone in three dosages decreased to 2.84-8.28 h, the difference was significant. The toxicity of rotenone in water and soil was studied. The results showed that rotenone toxicity in water was much higher than that in soil. At the same time, rotenone concentration in water was much higher than that in soil. The half-lives of rotenone in earthworm-free soil were 1.85 d, 2.79 D and 2.01 D. The half-lives of rotenone in earthworm-free soil were 0.81 d, 1.10 D and 1.29 d, respectively. The morphological changes of earthworm epidermis were observed and compared under optical microscope. The results showed that rotenone of three dosage forms could damage the outer epidermis of earthworms, ME and EC were more serious. The results of this study showed that rotenone of different dosage forms had different toxicity to earthworms and mud carp. One of the reasons for rotenone's high toxicity to fish was that rotenone could enter the body in large quantities through gill and rotenone could penetrate fish. At the same time, when poisoned fish are put into a large amount of clean water, fish can also discharge rotenone into the external environment through gill respiration to eliminate rotenone in vivo; on the other hand, different dosage forms will affect rotenone degradation in the soil, the presence of earthworms can significantly accelerate the fish. Degradation of rotenone, but rotenone can also cause harm to earthworms. Rotenone is more harmful to earthworms in aquatic environment than in soil. This experiment provides theoretical guidance and scientific suggestions for rational use of rotenone EC, ME and SC.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X171.5;X592
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